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The standard GB/T 2423 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods is divided into several parts according to test methods.
This part is Part 5 of GB/T 2423.
This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.12009.
This part replaces GB/T 2423.5-1995 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock and GB/T 2423.6-1995 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Eb and guidance:
Bump. This part integrates the contents of GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995. The following main technical changes have been made with respect to GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995:
——the cut-off frequency requirement for low-pass filter is added to the measurement system of Sub-clause;
——in Clause 5, the requirements for impact times in each direction are added;
——the table in Figure 4 combines the tables in Figure 4 of the original GB/T 2423.5-1995 and in Figure 2 of GB/T 2423.6-1995;
——the severity level in Table 1 is added.
This part, by means of translation, is identical to IEC 60068-2-27: 2008 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock.
The Chinese documents identical to the normative international documents given in this part are as follows:
——GB/T 2421.1-2008 Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance (IEC 60068-1: 1988, IDT);
——GB/T 2423.39-2018 Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ee and guidance: Loose cargo testing including bounce (IEC 60068-2-55: 2013, IDT);
GB/T 4798.1 - 2005 Environmental conditions existing in the application of electric and electronic products - Section 1: Storage (IEC 60721-3-1: 1997, MOD);
——GB/T 4798.5-2007 Environmental conditions existing in the application of electric and electronic products - Section 5: Ground vehicle installations (IEC 60721-3-5: 1997, MOD).
The following editorial changes have been made in this part:
——the name of this standard is modified;
This part was proposed and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 8 National Technical Committee on Environmental Conditions and Testing for Electric and Electronic Products and of Standardization Administration of China.
This part replaces GB/T 2423.5-1995 and GB/T 2423.6-1995.
The previous edition of GB/T 2423.5-1995 is as follows:
——GB/T 2423.5-1981.
The previous editions of GB/T 2423.6-1995 are as follows:
——GB/T 2423.6-1981.
——GB/T 2424.4-1981.
Environmental testing - Part 2: Test methods - Test Ea and guidance: Shock
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 2423 provides a standard procedure for determining the ability of a specimen to withstand specified severities of non-repetitive or repetitive shocks.
The purpose of this test is to reveal mechanical weakness and/or degradation in specified performances, or accumulated damage or degradation caused by shocks. In conjunction with the relevant specification, this may be used in some cases to determine the structural integrity of specimens or as a means of quality control (see Sub-clause A.2).
This test is primarily intended for unpackaged specimens and for items in their transport case when the latter may be considered to be part of the specimen. If an item is to be tested unpackaged, it is referred to as a test specimen. However, if the item is packaged, then the item itself is referred to as product and the item and its packaging together are referred to as a test specimen. GB/T 2423.43-2008 may be used for testing packaged products.
This standard is written in terms of prescribed pulse shapes. Guidance for the selection and application of these pulses is given in Annex A and the characteristics of the different pulse shapes are discussed in Annex B.
Wherever possible, the test severity and the shape of the shock pulse applied to the specimen shall be such as to reproduce the effects of the actual transport or operational environment to which the specimen will be subjected, or to satisfy the design requirements if the object of the test is to assess structural integrity (see Sub-clauses A.2 and A.4).
For the purposes of this test, the specimen is always mounted to the fixture or the table of the shock testing machine during testing.
Note: The term "shock testing machine" is used throughout this standard, but other means of applying pulse shapes are not excluded.
One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 2423.43-2008 Environmental testing for electric and electronic products - Part 2: Test methods - Mounting of specimens for vibration, impact and similar dynamic tests (IEC 60068-2-47: 2005, IDT);
IEC 60068-1 Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60068-2-55 Environmental testing - Part 2-55: Tests - Test Ee and guidance: Bounce
IEC 60721-3-1 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities - Section 1: Storage
IEC 60721-3-5 Classification of environmental conditions - Part 3: Classification of groups of environmental parameters and their severities - Section 5: Ground vehicle installations
Guide 104 The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
Note: The terms used are, for the most part, defined in ISO 2041[1]1)or IEC 60068-1. The following additional terms and definitions are also applicable for the purposes of this standard.
3.1
check point
point located on the fixture, on the table surface of the shock-testing machine or on the specimen as close as possible to the fixing point, and in any case rigidly connected to it
Notes:
1 A number of check points are used as a means of ensuring that the test requirements are satisfied.
2 If more than four fixing points exist, the relevant specification should state the number of fixing points to be used as check points.
3 In special cases, for example, for large or complex specimens, the check points will be prescribed by the relevant specification if not close to the fixing points.
4 Where a large number of small specimens are mounted on one fixture, or in the case of a small specimen where there are a number of fixing points, a single check point (that is the reference point) may be selected for the derivation of the control signal. This signal is then related to the fixture rather than to the fixing points of the specimen(s). This procedure is only valid when the lowest resonance frequency of the loaded fixture is well above the upper frequency of the test.
3.2
fixing point
part of the specimen in contact with the fixture or the table of the shock-testing machine at a point where the specimen is normally fastened in service
Note: If a part of the real mounting structure is used as the fixture, the fixing points are taken as those of the mounting structure and not of the specimen.
3.3
gn
standard acceleration due to the earth's gravity, which itself varies with altitude and geographical latitude
Note: For the purposes of this standard, the value of gn is rounded up to the nearest unity, which is 10 m/s2.
3.4
repetition rate
number of shocks per second
3.5
shock severity
combination of the peak acceleration, the duration of the nominal pulse and the number of shocks
3.6
velocity change
absolute value of the sudden change of velocity resulting from the application of the specified acceleration
Note: The change of velocity is normally considered sudden if it takes place in a time that is short compared with the fundamental period of the test specimen.
4 Description of test apparatus
4.1 Required characteristics
When the shock-testing machine with or without fixture is loaded with the specimen, the waveform measured at the check point(s) shall consist of a pulse approximating to one of the nominal acceleration against time curves given by the broken lines in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
4.1.1 Basic pulse shapes
Three types of pulse, namely the half-sine pulse, the final-peak saw-tooth pulse and the trapezoidal pulse, are included in this standard. The choice of pulse shape depends on a number of factors, and the difficulties inherent in making such a choice preclude a preferred order being given in this standard (see Clause A.3).
The specified basic pulse shapes are given below (see Clause A.3):
——half-sine: one half-cycle of a sine wave, as shown in Figure 1;
——final-peak saw-tooth: asymmetrical triangle with short fall time, as shown in Figure 2;
——trapezoidal: symmetrical trapezoid with short rise and fall times, as shown in Figure 3.
The true value of the actual pulse shall be within the limits of tolerance shown by the solid lines in the relevant figure.
Note: Where it is not practicable to achieve a pulse shape falling within the specified tolerance, the relevant specification should state the alternative procedure to be applied (see Sub-clause A.5).
Foreword i
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 Description of test apparatus
4.1 Required characteristics
4.2 Measuring system
4.3 Mounting
5 Severities
6 Preconditioning
7 Initial measurements and functional performance test
8 Testing
9 Recovery
10 Final measurements
11 lnformation to be given in the relevant specification
12 lnformation to be given in the test report
Annex A (Normative) Selection and application of pulse shapes - Guidance
Annex B (Informative) Shock response spectra and other characteristics of pulse shapes
Annex C (Informative) Comparison between impact tests
Bibliography
環境試驗 第2部分:試驗方法
試驗Ea和導則:沖擊
1范圍
GB/T 2423的本部分提供了確定樣品經受規定嚴酷度的非重復或重復沖擊能力的標準程序。
本試驗的目的是用來暴露機械薄弱環節和/或性能下降和沖擊引起的累計損傷和退化情況,并且利用這些資料,結合有關規范,來決定樣品是否可以接收。在某些情況下,本沖擊試驗也可以用來確定樣品的結構完好性,或作為質量控制的手段(見A.2)。
本試驗主要針對不帶包裝樣品,以及在運輸條件下其包裝可看作產品本身一部分的樣品。如果不帶包裝物品進行試驗,將之歸于受試樣品。然而,如果物品是有包裝的,就將產品及其包裝視作為一個受試樣品。GB/T 2423.43—2008有關于包裝產品接受試驗的介紹。
本部分是針對脈沖波形來編寫的,附錄A給出了選擇和使用這些脈沖波形的導則,附錄B討論了各種不同波形的特性。
如有可能,施加于樣品的試驗嚴酷等級和沖擊脈沖波形盡可能模擬樣品將要經受到的實際運輸或工作環境的效果;而試驗的目的是為了評價結構完整性,是否符合設計要求(見A.2和A.4)。
在試驗期間,樣品總是直接或通過夾具固定到沖擊試驗機臺面上。
注:本部分均使用“沖擊試驗機”這一術語,并不排除產生脈沖波形的其他方法。
在適用的情況下,技術委員會的職責之一是在編寫出版物時使用基本安全出版物。
2規范性引用文件
下列文件對于本文件的應用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件,僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
GB/T 2423.43—2008電工電子產品環境試驗 第2部分:試驗方法 振動、沖擊和類似動力學試驗樣品的安裝(IEC 60068-2-47:2005,IDT)
IEC 60068-1環境試驗 第1部分:概述和指南(Environmental testing—Part 1:General and guidance)
IEC 60068-2-55環境試驗 第2-55部分:試驗Ee和導則:彈跳(Environmental testing—Part 2-55:Tests—Test Ee and guidance:Bounce)
IEC 60721-3-1 環境分類條件 第3部分:環境分類參數及其嚴酷度 第1節:貯存(Classification of environmental conditions—Part 3:Classification of groups of environmental parame-ters and their severities—Section 1:Storage)
IEC 60721-3-5環境分類條件 第3部分:環境分類參數及其嚴酷度 第5節:地面車輛使用(Classification of environmental conditions—Part 3:Classification of groups of environmental parame-ters and their severities—Section 5:Ground vehicle installations)
Guide 104安全出版物、基本安全出版物和系列安全出版物的編寫(The preparation of safety publications and the use of basic safety publications and group safety publications)
3術語和定義
下列術語和定義適用于本文件。
注:所用術語大部分在ISO 2041[1]1)或IEC 60068-1中定義。以下附加術語和定義也適用于本部分。
1)方括號中的數字指的是參考文獻。
3.1
檢查點check point
固定點中的某個,而且在任何情況下都要和固定點剛性連接。
注1:試驗的要求是通過若干檢查點來保證的。
注2:如果存在4個以上的固定點,則有關規范宜規定4個具有代表性的固定點作檢查點用。
注3:在特殊情況下,例如對大型或復雜的樣品,如果要求檢查點不緊靠固定點,則在有關規范中規定。
注4:當大量的小樣品安裝在一個夾具上時,或當一個小樣品具有許多固定點時,可選用單個檢查點(即參考點)來導出控制信號。該信號反映的是夾具的特性而不是樣品固定點的。這僅當夾具裝上樣品等負載后的最低共振頻率比試驗頻率的上限高很多時才是可行的。
3.2
固定點fixing point
樣品與夾具或沖擊試驗臺臺面相連接的部分,通常是固定樣品的地方。
注:如果將樣品的實際安裝結構作為夾具,固定點在安裝結構上而不在樣品上。
3.3
gn
由地球引力產生的標準加速度,隨海拔高度和地理緯度而變化。
注:本部分為了便于使用,將gn值圓整到10 m/s2的整數值。
3.4
重復速率repetition rate
每秒的沖擊次數。
3.5
沖擊嚴酷度等級shock severity
沖擊試驗的嚴酷度等級包括峰值加速度、標稱脈沖持續時間和沖擊次數。
3.6
速度變化量velocity change
要施加規定的加速度而產生的速度突然變化的絕對值。
注:如果速度變化發生在比所涉及的激勵脈沖的基本周期短的時間內,則通常認為是突然變化。
4試驗設備描述
4.1特性要求
當沖擊試驗臺用夾具或不用夾具裝上樣品時,在檢查點上所施加的沖擊脈沖應為近似于圖1、圖2和圖3中虛線所示的加速度對時間的曲線之一。
4.1.1基本脈沖波形
本部分包括半正弦波、后峰鋸齒波和梯形波三種類型的波形。波形的選擇取決于若干因素,本部分給出了選用波形的優先順序(見A.3)。
規定的基本脈沖波形如下(見A.3);
——半正弦波:正弦波的半個周期,如圖1所示;
——后峰鋸齒波:具有短的下降時間的不對稱三角形,如圖2所示;
——梯形波:具有短的上升和下降時間的對稱梯形,如圖3所示。
實際脈沖應在有關圖中用實線所表示的容差限內。
注:當不能獲得落在規定容差范圍內的脈沖波形時,有關規范宜規定另一種可采用的方法(見A.5)。
積分時間
圖1 半正弦波的波形和容差范圍
說明(圖1~圖3適用):
---:標稱脈沖線;
——:容差范圍線;
D:標稱脈沖的持續時間;
A:標稱脈沖的峰值加速度;
T1:用傳統沖擊試驗臺產生沖擊時,對脈沖監測的最短時間;
T2:用電動振動試驗臺產生沖擊時,對脈沖監測的最短時間。
積分時間
圖2后峰鋸齒波的波形和容差范圍
積分時間
圖3梯形波的波形和容差范圍
4.1.2重復速率
重復速率應保證兩次沖擊之間樣品內部的相對運動基本上為零,且在檢查點的加速度值應在圖1所示的容差內(見A.7)。
注:重復速率的評估公式見A.7。
4.1.3速度變化容差
對所有脈沖波形,實際的速度變化量應在其相應的標稱脈沖值的±15%之內。
當速度變化是用實際脈沖的積分來確定時,應從脈沖前的0.4D積分到脈沖后的0.1D,D是標稱脈沖的持續時間。
注:如果由于沒有精確的積分裝置而不能獲得速度變化容差時,有關規范宜規定另一種可采用的方法(見A.5和A.6)。
4.1.4橫向運動
當采用4.2的方法時,在檢查點上垂直于預定沖擊方向的正的或負的峰值加速度不應超過預定方向上標稱脈沖峰值加速度的30%。
注:如果達不到橫向運動的誤差要求時,有關規范宜規定另一種可采用的方法(見A.5)。
4.2測量系統
測量系統的特性應能保證在檢查點的預定方向上測量到實際脈沖在圖1、圖2和圖3要求的容差范圍內。圖4的要求適用于控制信號測量系統未用低通濾波器的頻率響應。當采用了低通濾波器,濾波器特性的截止頻率fg(-3 dB點)不低于:
式中:
fg——低通濾波器的截止頻率,單位為千赫(kHz);
D——脈沖持續時間,單位為毫秒(ms)。
對測量準確度能產生重要的影響,包括加速度計在內的整個測量系統的頻率響應應在圖4的容差內(見A.5)。
注:沖擊的持續時間等于或小于0.5 ms,未必需要圖4中f3和f4如此高的頻率,因此,有關規范宜規定供選用的替代值。
脈沖持續時間
ms 低截止頻率
Hz 高截止頻率
kHz 響應可能上升+1 dB時的頻率
kHz
f1 f2 f3 f4
0.2,0.3 20 120 20 40
0.5 10 50 15 30
1 4 20 10 20
2,3 2 10 5 10
6 1 4 2 4
11 0.5 2 1 2
16,18,30 0.2 1 1 2
圖4測量系統的頻率特性
4.3安裝
樣品應按IEC 60068-2-47的規定安裝在沖擊試驗機臺面或通過夾具裝在臺面上。
5嚴酷度
有關規范應同時給出脈沖波形和沖擊嚴酷度等級。有關規范應規定,沖擊適用于所有3條軸線的正和負兩個方向。當關注試驗的姿態時應考慮重力的影響。除非真實使用條件已知或另有規定,應選用4.1.1中給出的一種波形和表1中對應的嚴酷度等級。粗體是優選組合。相應的速度變化電在表1中給出。
每個方向的沖擊次數可以從下列數值中選取。
3±0
100±5
500±5
1 000±10
5 000±10
注:如果此處的嚴酷度等級不能模擬已知環境對樣品的影響,有關規范可以選用圖1、圖2和圖3所示的標準脈沖波形之一(見A.4)規定其他合適的試驗嚴酷度等級。
表1 沖擊試驗的嚴酷度等級
峰值加速度
A 脈沖持續時間
D 半正弦Δv= AD×10-3
后峰鋸齒Δv=0.5AD×10-3 梯形
Δv=0.9AD×10-3 備注
m/s2 gn ms m/s m/s m/s
a 優先選用為粗體字的脈沖波形。
b RTCA DO 160E/F推薦:“功能沖擊”6gn,每個方向3次;“墜撞沖擊”20gn,每個方向1次。
c 優先用于重復沖擊。
d 這些沖擊也許不能按本部分的嚴格要求完全實現。
6預處理
有關規范可以提出預處理要求。
7初始檢查和功能檢測
應按有關規范的固定,對樣品進行外觀、尺寸和功能檢測。
8試驗
應在樣品三個正交軸的每個方向依次施加有關規范規定次數的沖擊。當多個相同樣品受試時,可以適當地排列樣品,以便同時沿3個軸向上沖擊(見A.7)。
當安裝或運輸時,樣品的姿態已知,由于沖擊在某個軸的某個方向是最敏感的,有關規范應規定在該軸線、方向和姿態上施加沖擊的次數。否則應在三個軸的兩個方向上試驗。例如,通常最大的沖擊加速度是沿垂直方向。當運輸時的姿態已知,沖擊應在垂直軸向上的方向。當姿態未知,有關規范應規定每軸應進行沖擊的次數(見A.7)。
有關規范應規定樣品在試驗中是否工作和是否進行功能監測。
9恢復
有時有必要在試驗后和最終檢測前提供一段時間使樣品達到與初始檢測相同的條件,例如溫度。有關規范應規定恢復的條件。
10最終檢測
對樣品應進行外觀、尺寸、功能和有關規范規定的其他檢查。
有關規范應給出樣品接收或拒收的判據。
11 有關規范應給出的信息
當有關規范采用本試驗時,只要適用,規范的編寫者應提供下列資料。要特別注意有星號(*)標記的項目,因為該項資料是必需的:
章條號
a)脈沖波形* 4.1.1、A.3
b)容差 4.1.1、A.5
c)速度變化 4.1.3、A.6
d)橫向運動 4.1.4
e)激勵軸、試驗姿態和試驗軸* 第8章
f)安裝方法* 4.3
g)嚴酷度等級* 第5章、A.4
h)沖擊方向和沖擊次數* 第5章、第8章
i)預處理 第6章
j)初始檢查和功能檢測 第7章
k)功能檢測 第7章
l)工作方式和功能監測 第8章
m)恢復 第9章
n)接收和拒收的判據* 第10章
o)最終檢測 第10章
12試驗報告應給出的信息
試驗報告至少應給出如下信息:
a)客戶(名稱和地址);
b)試驗室(名稱和地址);
c)試驗報告(簽發日期、唯一識別號);
d)試驗日期;
e)試驗目的(研發試驗、驗證試驗等);
f)試驗標準,版本(有關試驗的程序);
g)樣品描述(唯一標識號、圖片、照片、數量、樣品首次檢驗的評價,等等);
h)樣品的安裝(夾具特性、圖片、照片、激勵軸線);
i)激勵軸線(試驗姿態和激勵軸線);
j)試驗設備的性能(橫向運動等);
k)測量系統,傳感器位置(描述、圖片、照片等);
l)測量系統不確定度(校準數據、上次日期和下次日期);
m)初始、中間或最終測量;
n)要求嚴酷等級(來自試驗規范);
o)試驗嚴酷等級及文件(來自檢查點);
p)試驗結論(樣品情況的評價);
q)試驗情況記錄;
r)試驗摘要;
s)試驗負責人(姓名和簽名);
t)發送(報告分送清單)。
注:測試記錄中宜編寫測試日志,例如,帶有測試參數的測試運行的時間順序列表,測試期間的觀察和采取的操作,以及測量的數據表。測試日志可以附加到測試報告中。