This standard is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This standard is identical to ISO 25197:2012 Small craft - Electrical/electronic control systems for steering, shift and throttle by means of translation.
The Chinese documents consistent and corresponding with the normative international documents in this standard are as follows:
——GB/T 10250-2007 Electrical and electronic installations in ships - Electromagnetic compatibility (IEC 60533:1999, IDT);
——GB/T 17726-1999 Small craft - Electrical devices - Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases (ISO 8846:1990, IDT);
——GB/T 17844-1999 Small craft - Remote steering systems (ISO 8848:1990, IDT);
——GB/T 18814-2002 Small craft - Electrical systems - Alternating current installations (ISO 13297:2000, IDT);
——GB/T 18815-2013 Small craft, engine-driven - Field of vision from helm position (ISO 11591:2011, IDT);
——GB/T 19311-2003 Small craft - Electrical systems - Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations (ISO 10133:2000, IDT);
——GB/T 19318-2003 Small craft - Hydraulic steering systems (ISO 10592:1994, IDT);
——GB/T 28046.2-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 2: Electrical loads (ISO 16750-2:2006, MOD);
——GB/T 28046.3-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 3: Mechanical loads (ISO 16750-3:2007, MOD);
——GB/T 28046.4-2011 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 4: Climatic loads (ISO 16750-4:2006, MOD);
——GB/T 28560-2012 Electrical installations in ships - Small vessels (IEC 60092-507:2008, IDT).
This standard was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 241 National Technical Committee on Small Craft of Standardization Administration of China.
Small craft - Electrical/electronic control systems for steering, shift and throttle
1 Scope
This standard establishes the requirements for design, construction and testing of electrical/electronic steering, shift and throttle and dynamic positioning control systems, or combinations thereof, on small craft.
This standard is applicable to the small craft of up to 24m length of hull.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8846 Small craft - Electrical devices - Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases
ISO 8848 Small craft - Remote steering systems
ISO 10133 Small craft - Electrical systems - Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations
ISO 10240 Small craft - Owner's manual
ISO 10592 Small craft - Hydraulic steering systems
ISO 11591 Small craft, engine-driven - Field of vision from helm position
ISO 12215-8 Small craft - Hull construction and scantlings - Part 8: Rudders
ISO 13297 Small craft - Electrical systems - Alternating current installations
ISO 16750-2:2010 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 2: Electrical loads
ISO 16750-3:2007 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 3: Mechanical loads
ISO 16750-4 Road vehicles - Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment - Part 4: Climatic loads
IEC 60068-2-27 Environmental testing - Part 2-27: Tests - Test Ea and guidance: Shock
IEC 60068-2-52 Environmental testing - Part 2-52: Tests - Test Kb: Salt mist, cyclic (sodium chloride solution)
IEC 60092-507 Electrical installations in ships - Part 507: Small vessels
IEC 60533:1999 Electrical and electronic installations in ships - Electromagnetic compatibility
IEC 60945:2002 Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems - General requirements - Methods of testing and required test results
IEC 61000-4-5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-5: Testing and measurement techniques - Surge immunity test
IEC 61508 (all parts) Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
electric/electronic steering system
all components, including CPU (central processing unit) and cable harnesses, from the manual steering input device up to and including the device (actuator or electrical motor) regulating the rudder or propulsion unit steering angle
Note: It includes the joystick and components, i.e. GPS antennas for dynamic positioning, if installed.
3.2
dynamic-positioning system
computer-controlled system to automatically maintain a craft’s position and heading by using her own propulsion systems with or without the assistance of bow or stern thrusters
3.3
electrical/electronic shift and throttle system
all components, including CPU (central processing unit) and cable harnesses, from the shift and throttle input device up to and including the device controlling the shift and speed of engines
3.4
ignition-protected equipment
electrical equipment designed and tested for use in explosive atmospheres without igniting surrounding flammable gases
3.5
accessible
capable of being reached for inspection, removal or maintenance without removal of permanent structure of the craft
3.6
readily accessible
capable of being reached for operation, inspection or maintenance without the use of tools, or removal of any structures of the craft, or removal of any locations such as cabinet, chamber or shelf intended for storage of portable devices
3.7
nominal voltage(s)
those commonly used voltages, such as 12V, 24V or 36V DC
3.8
manoeuvring mode
reduced power mode for manoeuvring, determined by the manufacturer
3.9
cruising mode
power mode above manoeuvring mode up to full power, determined by the manufacturer
3.10
X axis
direction of a craft fore or aft, longitudinally
3.11
Y axis
direction of a craft port or starboard, transversely
3.12
Z axis
axis normal to the X-Y plane
3.13
control head
single oriented device, other than a steering wheel, for the simultaneous control of steering and propulsion
Example: Joystick, track-ball or slide levers.
3.14
control lever
operator input device for the control of thrust
3.15
steering helm
operator input device for the control of steering
3.16
joystick
operator input device for the simultaneous control of thrust, steering and propulsion
?
3.17
helm station
location from which steering, propulsion and thrust can be controlled
3.18
multiple helm stations
more than one location in the boat from which steering, propulsion and thrust can be controlled
3.19
command station
helm station location that is in active control
3.20
portable helm
helm providing a combination of shift or throttle or steering, not permanently affixed to the craft’s structure, communicating with the system through wired or wireless means
3.21
propulsion
component or components of thrust that permit a craft’s movement in any direction
Note: Examples of propulsion-generating devices include outboards, stern drives, pod drives, jet drives, inboards and thrusters.
3.22
radio frequency; RF
frequency within the range of frequencies suitable for utilization in radio communication
3.23
actuator
electromechanical, electropneumatic and/or electrohydraulic device that converts an electrical signal into a mechanical displacement
3.24
thrust
propulsive force from craft’s main propulsion system or bow or stern thrusters or a combination thereof in order to move or rotate the craft
3.25
wireless
mode of communication, monitoring and/or control through the use of electromagnetic, acoustic or optical transmission through atmospheric space
3.26
damp area
area where moisture is either permanently or intermittently present
EXAMPLE: Bilge, head, galley.
3.27
wet area
area exposed to weather
3.28
interior
protected area inside the craft
3.29
EUT
equipment under test
3.30
performance criteria
standard by which the functional status of an EUT during and after testing is judged
3.31
failure modes and effects analysis; FMEA
procedure in product development and operations development for analysis of potential failure modes
3.32
fail-safe mode
device or feature which, in the event of failure, responds in a way that will cause no harm, or minimize the harm, to other devices and cause no danger, or minimize the danger, to personnel
4 General requirements
4.1 All electronic/electrical components shall be designed to withstand a reversed-polarity connection of the power leads. This shall not render the component inoperable when subsequently connected to the power correctly.
4.2 All electronic/electrical components shall be designed with reverse polarity protection from internal surges.
4.3 DC systems shall comply with ISO 10133. AC systems shall comply with ISO 13297. An acceptable alternative to ISO 10133 and ISO 13297 is given in IEC 60092-507.
4.4 The system shall be energized whenever the propulsion engine(s) are running.
4.5 The system, except for dynamic positioning and displays, shall be fully operational within 5s after being turned on (powered).
4.6 Multi-installed engine steering systems shall be redundant by virtue of the fact that they are both mechanically and electrically independent of each other. A single device is allowed for control of multiple engines (e.g. steering wheel, joystick).
4.7 Each helm station shall give a visual indication when active. A main steering position shall be designated and meet the applicable requirements of ISO 11591, with the location included in the owner’s manual.
4.8 Each helm station shall, by visible and/or audible means, alert the operator when the system enters the fail-safe mode.
4.9 The sound pressure of an audible alarm 1m from the command station shall be at least 75dB(A), but not greater than 85dB(A). Systems incorporating a mute feature shall maintain the visual alert as long as the failure persists.
If an audible-only alert system is utilized: muting of the alarm is not allowed
4.10 Instructions for proper installation and use of the steering system shall be made available by the manufacturer.
4.11 Operational characteristics, instructions and warnings for proper use shall be described in the owner’s manual and/or by on-product labelling.
4.12 With the exception of an optional temporary override for emergency situations, it shall only be possible to start propulsion equipment in neutral.
Note: This includes any equipment that drives the propeller or water-jet drive.
4.13 The steering, shift and throttle actuators shall react/adjust input on a physical input command within 0.5s.
4.14 Steering wheels shall comply with the requirements of ISO 8848.
4.15 Hydraulic systems shall comply with the requirements of ISO 10592.
4.16 Electrical components intended to be installed in petrol engine or petrol tank compartments shall be ignition-protected in accordance with ISO 8846.
4.17 A risk identification/analysis, using an established method, shall be carried out for each system design.
Example: Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), fault-tree analysis (FTA).
Risk identification and functional safety may be carried out as given in the relevant part of IEC 61508.
4.18 Systems that provide both cruising- and manoeuvring modes shall provide an indication to the operator at the command station of which mode the system is in, and shall not change modes without input from the operator.
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General requirements
5 Control head
6 Command station transfer
7 Portable helm station controls
8 Dynamic-positioning system (DPS)
9 Failure modes and responses
10 Test requirements
11 Labeling
12 Instructions to be included with the owner’s manual
小艇 操舵、換擋和油門的電氣或電子控制系統
1 范圍
本標準規定了小艇電氣或電子操舵系統、換擋和油門、動力定應控制系統的設計、建造和試驗要求。
本標準適用于艇體長度不大于24 m的小艇。
2規范性引用文件
下列文件對于本文件的應用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
ISO 8846 小艇 電氣裝置 防止點燃周圍可燃性的保護(Small craft—Electrical devices—Protection against ignition of surrounding flammable gases)
ISO 8848小艇 遙控操舵系統(Small craft—Remote steering systems)
ISO 10133 小艇 電氣系統 超低壓直流裝置(Small craft—Electrical systems—Extra-low-voltage d.c. installations)
ISO 10240小艇 艇主手冊(Small craft—Owner's manual)
ISO 10592小艇 液壓操舵系統(Small craft—Hydraulic steering systems)
ISO 11591 機動小艇 操舵部位的視野(Small craft，engine-driven—Field of vision from helm position)
ISO 12215-8小艇 艇體結構和構件尺寸 第8部分：舵(Small craft-Hull construction and scantlings—Part 8：Rudders)
ISO 13297 小艇 電氣系統 交流系統(Small craft—Electrical systems—Alternating current installations)
ISO 16750-2：2010 道路車輛 電氣及電子設備的環境條件和試驗 第2部分：電氣負荷(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 2：Electrical loads)
ISO 16750-3：2007 道路車輛 電氣及電子設備的環境條件和試驗 第3部分：機械環境(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 3：Mechanical loads)
ISO 16750-4道路車輛 電氣及電子設備的環境條件和試驗 第4部分：氣候負荷(Road vehicles—Environmental conditions and testing for electrical and electronic equipment—Part 4：Climatic loads)
IEC 60068-2-27環境試驗 第2-27部分：試驗 試驗Ea和導則：沖擊(Environmental testing—Part 2-27：Tests—Test Ea and guidance：Shock)
IEC 60068-2-52 環境試驗 第2-52部分：試驗 試驗Kb：循環鹽霧(氯化鈉溶液)[Environmental testing—Part 2-52：Tests—Test Kb：Salt mist，cyclic(sodium chloride solution)]
IEC 60092-507 船舶電氣設備 第507篇 小船(Electrical installations in ships—Part 507：Small vessels)
IEC 60533：1999船舶電氣和電子裝置 電磁兼容性(Electrical and electronic installations in ships—Electromagnetic compatibility)
IEC 60945：2002 航海和無線電通訊設備和系統 一般要求 試驗方法和要求試驗結果(Maritime navigation and radiocommunication equipment and systems—General requirements—Methods of testing and required test results)
IEC 61000-4-5電磁兼容性(EMC)第4-5部分：試驗和測量技術 電涌抗擾試驗[Electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)—Part 4-5：Testing and measurement techniques—Surge immunity test]
IEC 61508(所有部分)電氣/電子/可編程電子安全系統的功能安全(Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems)
3術語和定義
下列術語和定義適用于本文件。
3.1
電氣或電子操舵系統electric/electronic steering system
從人工操舵輸入設備到調節艇舵或推進單元操舵角設備(驅動器或電機)的所有元件，包括CPU(中央處理器)和電纜束。
注：包括操作桿和其他元件，例如已安裝的動力定位GPS天線。
3.2
動力定位系統dynamic-positioning system
通過其本身推進系統以自動維持艇位置與方向的計算機控制系統，無論是否有艏艉推進器輔助。
3.3
電氣或電子換擋和油門系統 electrical/electronic shift and throttle system
從換擋和油門輸入設備到包括控制換擋和主機速度設備的所有元件，包括CPU(中央處理器)和電纜束。
3.4
點火保護裝置ignition-protected equipment
經設計和試驗可以在易爆氣體中使用，并且不會點燃周圍易燃性氣體的電子設備。
3.5
可達性 accessible
無需拆除艇上的永久性結構便可通達進行檢測、拆除或維護的能力。
3.6
易達性 readily accessible
無需使用工具或者拆除艇上的任何結構.或移開放置在預定作為貯存便攜設備的處所，如箱柜、櫥柜或物品架等便攜設備，而立即通達進行操作、檢測或維護的能力。
3.7
額定電壓nominal voltage(s)
普遍使用的電壓，諸如直流電壓12 V、24 V或36 V。
3.8
手動模式manoeuvring mode
手動操縱時的小功率模式，由制造商定義。
3.9
自動模式cruising mode
在手動模式和全功率輸出之間的動力模式，由制造商定義。
3.10
X軸 X axis
沿艇體艏部至艉部的縱向方向。
3.11
Y軸Y axis
沿艇體左舷到右舷的橫向方向。
3.12
Z軸Z axis
垂直于X-Y平面的方向。
3.13
控制端control head
獨立的導向設備，而不是操舵盤，用于同時控制操舵和推進。
示例：操縱桿、跟蹤球或滑動桿。
3.14
控制桿control lever
操作員用于控制推力的輸入設備。
3.15
操舵臺 steering helm
操作員用于控制操舵的輸入設備。
3.16
操縱桿joystick
操作員同時控制推力、操舵和推進的輸入設備。
3.17
操舵臺helm station
可以控制操舵、推進和推力的位置。
3.18
多操舵臺 multiple helm stations
在艇上超過一處可以控制操舵、推進和推力的位置。
3.19
控制室 command station
處于有效控制狀態的操舵臺。
3.20
便攜舵柄portable helm
通過有線或無線方式與系統進行交流，將換擋或油門或操舵連接起來的轉舵裝置，不是永久性安裝在艇體結構上。
3.21
推進propulsion
單個或多個推力部件，可推動艇沿任意方向運動。
注：典型的推進裝置包括舷外，舷內外驅動，吊艙驅動，噴水驅動，舷內和推進器。
3.22
無線電頻率radio frequency；RF
處于一定頻率范圍內的頻率，該頻率范圍內可以利用無線電進行交流。
3.23
執行器 actuator
可以將電信號轉化為機械運動的電動機械、電動氣動、電動液壓裝置。
3.24
推力thrust
從船艇主推進系統、艏艉推進器或他們的聯合提供的推進力，以便移動或旋轉船艇。
3.25
無線通信 wireless
通過在大氣中使用電磁、聲學或光學傳遞的通信、監控或控制模式。
3.26
潮濕區域damp area
永久性或間接性出現水的區域。
示例：艙底，船首，廚房。
3.27
雨水區域、wet area
露天區域。
3.28
內部interior
在船艇內受保護的區域。
3.29
EUT
經過測試的設備。
3.30
性能標準performance criteria
試驗設備在試驗過程中及試驗后所呈現的功能狀態。
3.31
故障模式和影響分析 failure modes and effects analysis；FMEA
為產品開發和操作開發而制定的程序，用于分析產品潛在的故障模式。
3.32
故障安全模式fail-safe mode
在故障情況下，設備產生對其他設備引起最小傷害，對人員造成最小危險的反應。
4 通用要求
4.1 所有電子電氣部件都應設計成可以承受導線電極接反的情況，當電源重新正確連接時，電極接反不會導致部件無法工作。
4.2所有電子電氣部件均應設計有防止內部浪涌的反向極性保護。
4.3直流系統應符合ISO 10133，交流系統應符合ISO 13297。IEC 60092-507給出了ISO 10133和ISO 13297的替代標準。
4.4 不論主機是否運行都應給系統供電。
4.5啟動后，除了動力定位和顯示器.其他系統應在5 s內充分地運行。
4.6 由于機械和電力操縱系統彼此獨立運行，安裝的多個主機操縱系統應具有冗余功能。允許單個設備獨立控制多臺主機(例如操縱輪、操縱桿)。
4.7 每個操舵臺在啟動時都應給出明顯信號，主要操縱位置應指定，并滿足ISO 11591的要求，同時該位置應配備使用手冊。
4.8 每個操舵臺在系統進入故障安全模式時，應通過明顯可見或者發出聲音的方法來警告操作員。
4.9 距控制站1 m以外的聲音警報應保證聲壓至少在75 dB(A)，但不應超過85 dB(A)，包含消音功能的系統則應在失效存在的情況下，保持有明顯視覺上的警告提醒。
若只使用了聲音警報，則不允許降低警報聲音。
4.10 制造商應提供適當的安裝和操舵系統使用的指導說明。
4.11 正確使用的操作特性、用法說明和警告應體現在艇主手冊或產品標簽上。
4.12 只有在空擋時才可以啟動推進設備，除非在緊急情況下需要臨時性非空擋啟動。
注：這包括了螺旋槳或噴水推進的任何設備。
4.13 操舵、轉向和油門的傳動裝置應在0.5 s內執行或調整人力操作的輸入。
4.14操縱輪應符合ISO 8848的要求。
4.15液壓系統應符合ISO 10592的要求。
4.16 準備安裝到汽油機或汽油艙室的電氣部件應按照ISO 8846的要求進行點火保護。
4.17對每一個系統設計都應使用現有的方法進行風險識別或分析。
示例：故障模式和影響分析(FMEA)、故障樹分析(FTA)。
風險識別和功能安全可以按照IEC 61508進行。
4.18 提供巡航和應急兩種模式的系統應給控制站操作員一個指示，表明系統處于哪種模式，不應在操作員沒有進行輸入操作時改變模式。
5 控制端
5.1 控制端支持自動和手動兩種模式的運行。
5.2 當操作員松開控制柄時，控制端位置應恢復到X、Y和Z坐標軸的空擋位置。見圖1。
說明：
1——左側；
2——艉側。
圖1 X、Y與Z指令
5.3 在自動模式運行時，控制端對發動機油門的控制在釋放時，不必回復到低轉速或生產商指定的怠速狀態。
5.4在手動模式時，松開控制柄到空擋位置導致：
——自由變速器或噴水斗位于空擋位置；
——發動機處于生產商指定的怠速狀態或電機處于停止狀態。
5.5 隨著艇上控制柄調整方向，艇應向同一方向移動。
5.6 便攜式操舵應明確指示出其控制艇的方向。
5.7 如果控制柄包含了轉動功能。那么控制柄的啟動、順時針和逆時針轉動應使艇沿同一方向轉動。
6指令臺傳輸
指令臺之間指令的傳輸應在預激活的操舵臺完成。
7便攜式操舵臺的控制
7.1 便攜操舵臺控制(控制器或控制系統)應只有在手動模式時才允許使用。
7.2通訊失敗或便攜式操舵控制站控制的故障會導致變速器脫離、熱機的空轉和電機的停止。應通知操作者有關通訊失敗的情況，并且系統應不妨礙信號傳遞到另一個操舵臺。
7.3應在便攜操舵臺或使用前所存放或充電的地方提供警示標簽，通過使用文字或國際標準圖形符號來對操作員進行以下的警告：
——保持適當瞭望；
——抓緊以避免跌倒，艇可能突然移動；
——閱讀有關系統安全操作的艇主手冊。
7.4對于無線設備，信號強度應在便攜控制器上顯示，或者聲音警告信號應提醒操作者信號過弱，可能會失去控制。
7.5無線設備應只能控制本船。
7.6無線便攜操舵控制器應有充電狀態指示。若充電不足以維持15 min連通且沒有無線通信損失時，設備應不會啟動。
7.7若設備由于電源不足無法支持15 min，無線便攜操舵控制器應通知操作者。
