GB/T 8897.1-2021 Primary batteries—Part 1: General
GB/T 8897 consists of the following five parts, under the general title Primary Batteries:
— Part 1: General;
— Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications;
— Part 3: Watch Batteries;
— Part 4: Safety of Lithium Batteries;
— Part 5: Safety of Batteries with Aqueous Electrolyte.
This part is Part 1 of GB/T 8897.
This part is drafted in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 8897.1-2013 Primary Batteries — Part 1: General in whole, and the major technical changes have been made with respect to the GB/T 8897.1-2013:
— the definition of coin/button cell or battery is clarified in order to better address issues with the swallowing of coin cells (see 3.3 and 3.6; 3.3 of Edition 2013);
— details on capacity measurement are moved from Annex E to Subclause 5.1 (see 5.1; Annex E of Edition 2013).
— the number of test batteries is changed from 9 to 8, and calculate the average without the exclusion of any result (see 5.3; 5.3 of Edition 2013);
— the humidity conditions for non P-system batteries in Table 3 is modified (see 6.1; 6.1 of Edition 2013);
— the standard discharge voltage for the Y and W chemistries is added (see Annex G, G.3);
— the order of the Annexes is changed to the order in which they appear in the document and a caption is added to indicate where the Annex information first appears in the document;
— Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms is added (see Annex D);
— Annex E (Normative) Packaging and Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells is added (see Annex E);
— Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign is added (see Annex F).
This part was proposed by China National Light Industry Council.
This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee 176 on Primary Cells and Batteries of Standardization Administration of China (SAC/TC 176).
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
— GB/T 8897-1988, GB/T 8897-1996;
— GB/T 8897.1-2003, GB/T 8897.1-2008, GB/T 8897.1-2013.
Primary Batteries — Part 1: General
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 8897 is intended to standardize primary batteries with respect to electrochemical systems, dimensions, nomenclature, terminal configurations, markings, test methods, typical performance, safety and environmental aspects. As a primary battery classification tool, electrochemical systems are also standardized with respect to system letter, electrodes, electrolyte, nominal and maximum open circuit voltage.
This part is applicable to the batteries that meet the requirements of Annex A to ensure that batteries from different manufacturers are interchangeable according to standard form, fit and function.
2 Normative References
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
GB/T 8897.2-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 2: Physical and Electrical Specifications (IEC 60086-2:2015, MOD)
GB/T 8897.3-2021 Primary Batteries — Part 3: Watch Batteries (IEC 60086-3:2016, MOD)
3 Terms and Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
application test
simulation of the actual use of a battery in a specific application
3.2
battery
one or more cells electrically connected and fitted in a case, with terminals, markings and protective devices etc., as necessary for use
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-04, modified]
3.3
button (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
Note: In English, the term “button (cell or battery)” is only used for non-lithium batteries while the term “coin (cell or battery)” is used for lithium batteries only. In languages other than English, the terms “coin” and “button” are often used interchangeably, regardless of the electrochemical system.
3.4
cell
basic functional unit, consisting of an assembly of electrodes, electrolyte, container, terminals and usually separators, that is a source of electric energy obtained by direct conversion of chemical energy
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-01-01]
3.5
closed-circuit voltage (CCV)
voltage across the terminals of a battery when it is on discharge
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-28, modified.
3.6
coin (cell or battery)
small round cell or battery where the overall height is less than the diameter
3.7
cylindrical (cell or battery)
round cell or battery in which the overall height is equal to or greater than the diameter
Note: IEC 60050-482: 2004, definition 482-02-39, modified.
3.8
discharge of a primary battery
operation during which a battery delivers current to an external circuit
3.9
dry (primary) battery
primary battery in which the liquid electrolyte is essentially immobilized
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-04-14, modified.
3.10
effective internal resistance – DC method
the internal d.c. resistance of any electrochemical cell is defined by the following relation:
3.11
end-point voltage; EV
specified voltage of a battery at which the battery discharge is terminated
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-30]
3.12
leakage
unplanned escape of electrolyte, gas or other material from a cell or battery
[IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-02-32]
3.13
minimum average duration; MAD
minimum average time on discharge which is met by a sample of batteries
Note: The discharge test is carried out according to the specified methods or standards and designed to show conformity with the standard applicable to the battery types.
3.14
nominal voltage (of a primary battery)
Un
suitable approximate value of the voltage used to designate or identify a cell, a battery or an electrochemical system
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-31, modified.
3.15
open-circuit voltage; OCV
voltage across the terminals of a cell or battery when it is off discharge
3.16
primary (cell or battery)
cell or battery that is not designed to be electrically recharged
3.17
round (cell or battery)
cell or battery with circular cross section
3.1 8
service output (of a primary battery)
service life, or capacity, or energy output of a battery under specified conditions of discharge
3.1 9
service output test
test designed to measure the service output of a battery
Note: A service output test may be prescribed, for example, when:
a) an application test is too complex to replicate;
b) the duration of an application test would make it impractical for routine testing purposes .
3.20
small battery
cell or battery fitting entirely within the limits of the truncated cylinder as defined in Figure 1
Dimensions in millimeters
Figure 1 Ingestion gauge (inner dimensions)
3.21
storage life
duration under specified conditions at the end of which a battery retains its ability to perform a specified service output
Note: IEC 60050-482:2004, definition 482-03-47, modified.
3.22
terminals (of a primary battery)
conductive parts of a battery that provide connection to an external circuit
3.23
explosion (battery explosion)
an instantaneous release wherein solid matter from any part of the battery is propelled to a distance greater than 25 cm away from the battery
4 Requirements
4.1 General
4.1.1 Design
When designing primary batteries, the aforementioned considerations shall be taken into account. Specifically, their dimensional conformity and stability, their physical and electrical performance and their safe operation under normal use and foreseeable mis-use conditions shall be assured.
Additional information on equipment design can be found in Annex B.
4.1.2 Battery dimensions
The dimensions for individual types of batteries are given in GB/T 8897.2-2021 and GB/T 8897.3-2021.
4.1.3 Terminals
4.1.3.1 General
Terminals shall be in accordance with Clause 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
Their physical shape shall be designed in such a way that they ensure that the batteries make and maintain good electrical contact at all times.
They shall be made of materials that provide good electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
4.1.3.2 Contact pressure resistance
Where stated in the battery specification tables or the individual specification sheets in GB/T 8897.2-2021, the following applies a force of 10 N applied through a steel ball of 1 mm diameter at the centre of each contact area for a period of 10 s shall not cause any apparent deformation which might prevent satisfactory operation of the battery.
Note: See also GB/T 8897.3-2021 for exceptions.
4.1.3.3 Cap and base
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 1 to 4, Figure 6 of GB/T 8897.2-2021 and which have the cylindrical side of the battery insulated from the terminals.
4.1.3.4 Cap and case
This type of terminal is used for batteries which have their dimensions specified according to Figures 7 and 8 of GB/T 8897.2-2021, but in which the cylindrical side of the battery forms part of the positive terminal.
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4.1.3.5 Screw terminals
This contact consists of a threaded rod in combination with either a metal or insulated metal nut.
4.1.3.6 Flat contacts
These are essentially flat metal surfaces adapted to make electrical contact by suitable contact mechanisms bearing against them.
4.1.3.7 Flat or spiral springs
These contacts comprise flat metal strips or spirally wound wires which are in a form that provides pressure contact.
4.1.3.8 Plug-in-sockets
These are made up of a suitable assembly of metal contacts, mounted in an insulated housing or holding device and adapted to receive corresponding pins of a mating plug.
4.1.3.9 Snap fasteners
4.1.3.9.1 General
These contacts are composed of a combination comprising a stud (non-resilient) for the positive terminal and a socket (resilient) for the negative terminal.
They shall be of suitable metal so as to provide efficient electrical connection when joined to the corresponding parts of an external circuit.
4.1.3.9.2 Snap fastener
This type of terminal consists of a stud for the positive terminal and a socket for the negative terminal. These shall be made from nickel plated steel or other suitable material. They shall be designed to provide a secure physical and electrical connection, when fitted with similar corresponding parts for connection to an electrical circuit.
4.1.3.10 Wire
Wire leads may be single or multi-strand flexible insulated tinned copper. The positive terminal wire covering shall be red and the negative black.
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4.1.3.11 Other spring contacts or clips
These contacts are generally used on batteries when the corresponding parts of the external circuit are not precisely known. They shall be of spring brass or of other material having similar properties.
4.1.4 Classification (electrochemical system)
Primary batteries are classified according to their electrochemical system.
Each system, with the exception of the zinc-ammonium chloride, zinc chloride-manganese dioxide system, has been allocated a letter denoting the particular system.
The electrochemical systems that have been standardized up to now are given in Table 1.
Table 1 Standardized electrochemical systems
Letter Negative electrode Electrolyte Positive electrode Nominal voltage, Un
V Maximum open circuit voltage
V
No letter Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A Zinc (Zn) Ammonium chloride, Zinc chloride Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.55
B Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Carbon monofluoride (CF)x 3.0 3.7
C Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Thionyl chloride (SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Iron disulfide (FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Copper (II) oxide (CuO) 1.5 2.3
L Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Manganese dioxide (MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Oxygen (O2) 1.4 1.59
S Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Silver oxide (Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W Lithium (Li) Organic electrolyte Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y Lithium (Li) Non-aqueous inorganic Sulfuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z Zinc (Zn) Alkali metal hydroxide Nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
Note 1: The value of the nominal voltage is not verifiable; therefore it is only given as a reference.
Note 2: The maximum open-circuit voltage is measured as defined in 5.5 and 6.8.1.
Note 3: When referring to an electrochemical system, common protocol is to list negative electrode first, followed by positive electrode, i.e. lithium-iron disulfide.
4.1.5 Designation
The designation of primary batteries is based on their physical parameters, their electrochemical system as well as modifiers, if needed.
A comprehensive explanation of the designation system (nomenclature) can be found in Annex C.
4.1.6 Marking
4.1.6.1 General (see Table 2)
With the exception of small batteries (see 4.1.6.2), each battery shall be marked with the following information:
a) designation;
b) expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code;
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal;
d) nominal voltage;
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier;
f) trademark;
g) executive standard number;
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions).
Note: Examples of the common designations can be found in Annex E of GB/T 8897.2-2021.
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Table 2 Marking requirements
Marking Small batteries
Batteries with the exception of small batteries Other systems Small batteries
a) Designation A A C
b) Expiration of a recommended usage period or year and month or week of manufacture. The year and month or week of manufacture may be in code A B B
c) polarity of the positive (+) terminal A A D
d) nominal voltage; A B B
e) name or trade mark of the manufacturer or supplier A B B
f) trademark A Ba Ba
g) executive standard number A Ba Ba
h) cautionary advice (warning instructions) A Ba Ba
A: shall be marked on the battery
B: may be marked on the immediate packing instead on the battery
C: may be marked on the battery, the sealing tab or the immediate packing
D: may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery
a Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given. Refer to 4.1.6.2 c) for details.
4.1.6.2 Marking of small batteries (see Table 2)
Small batteries are mainly Category 3 and Category 4 batteries in GB/T 8897.2-2021. The markings of small batteries are as follows:
a) Batteries designated in the IEC as small, mainly category 3 and category 4 batteries have a surface too small to accommodate all markings shown in 4.1.6.1. For these batteries the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery. All other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
b) For P-system batteries, 4.1.6.1 a) may be on the battery, the sealing tab or the package.4.1.6.1 c) may be marked on the sealing tab and/or on the battery. 4.1.6.1 b), 4.1.6.1 d) and 4.1.6.1 e) may be given on the immediate packing instead of on the battery.
c) Caution for ingestion of swallowable batteries shall be given.
Keep batteries out of the reach of children. In particular, keep batteries which are considered swallowable out of the reach of children, particularly those batteries fitting within the limits of the ingestion gauge as defined in Figure 1. See Figure 2 for an example of keep batteries out of the reach of children.
Figure 2 Example for warning against swallowing, particularly coin cell batteries
In case of ingestion of a cell or battery, seek medical assistance promptly. Swallowing coin cells or batteries can cause chemical burns, perforation of soft tissue, and in severe cases can cause death. They need to be removed immediately if swallowed. See Figure 2 for an example of appropriate warning text.
For batteries that fit entirely within the Ingestion Gauge (Figure 1) the designation 4.1.6.1 a) and the polarity 4.1.6.1 c) shall be marked on the battery, while all other markings shown in 4.1.6.1 may be given on the immediate package. However, when batteries are intended for direct sale in consumer-replaceable applications, caution for ingestion shall also be marked on the immediate package.
Safety pictograms are provided in Annex D. See Annex E for the requirements of packaging and child resistant packaging of coin cells. See Annex F for use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN safety sign.
Foreword II
1 Scope
2 Normative References
3 Terms and Definitions
4 Requirements
5 Performance Testing
6 Performance Test Conditions
7 Sampling and Quality Assurance
8 Battery Packaging
Annex A (Normative) Criteria for the Standardization of Batteries
Annex B (Informative) Recommendations for Equipment Design
Annex C (Normative) Designation System (Nomenclature)
Annex D (Informative) Safety Pictograms
D.1 General
Annex E (normative) Child Resistant Packaging of Coin Cells
Annex F (Informative) Use of the KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN Safety Sign
Annex G (Informative) Standard Discharge Voltage — Definition and Method of Determination
Annex H (Informative) Preparation of Standard Methods of Measuring Performance (SMMP) of Consumer Goods
Annex I (Informative) Calculation Method for the Specified Value of Minimum Average Duration
Annex J (Normative) Code of Practice for Packaging, Shipment, Storage, Use and Disposal of Primary Batteries
Bibliography
原電池 第1部分：總則
1 范圍
GB/T 8897的本部分規定了原電池的電化學體系、尺寸、命名法、極端結構、標志、檢驗方法、性能、可靠性和環境等方面的要求，還規定了作為原電池分類工具的電化學體系的體系字母、電極、電解質、標稱電壓和最大開路電壓。
本部分適用于符合附錄A要求的電池，以確保不同制造商生產的電池具有標準化的形狀、配合和功能。
2 規范性引用文件
下列文件對于本文件的應用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
GB/T 8897.2—2021 原電池 第2部分：外形尺寸和電性能(IEC 60086-2：2015，MOD)
GB/T 8897.3—2021 原電池 第3部分：手表電池(IEC 60086-3：2016，MOD)
3 術語和定義
下列術語和定義適用于本文件。
3.1
應用檢驗 application test
模擬電池某種實際應用的檢驗。
3.2
電池 battery
裝配有使用所必需的裝置(如外殼、極端、標志及保護裝置)的一個或多個單體電池。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-01-04。
3.3
扣式電池 button cell or battery
總高度小于直徑的小圓形電池。
注：英文中的“button (cell or battery)扣式電池”適用于非鋰電池，而“coin (cell or battery)鈕扣電池”適用于鋰電池。在其他語言當中，這兩個單詞經常互相替換使用。
3.4
[單體]電池 cell
直接把化學能轉變成電能的一種電源。
注：由電極、電解質、容器、極端、通常還有隔離層組成的基本功能單元。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-01-01]
3.5
閉路電壓 closed-circuit voltage；CCV
電池在放電時兩極端間通過的電壓。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-03-28。
3.6
鈕扣電池 coin cell or battery
總高度小于直徑的小圓形電池。
3.7
圓柱形電池 cylindrical cell or battery
總高度大于或等于直徑的圓形電池或單體電池。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-02-39。
3.8
(原電池)放電 discharge of a primary battery
電池向外電路輸出電流的過程。
3.9
干(原)電池dry (primary) battery
其電解液不能流動的電池。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-04-14。
3.10
直流等效內阻 effective internal resistance—DC method
直流等效內阻由下式定義：
3.11
終止電壓 end-point voltage；EV
規定的放電終止時的電壓。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-03-30]
3.12
泄漏 leakage
電解質、氣體或其他物質從電池內意外溢出。
[IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-02-32]
3.13
最小平均放電時間 minimum average duration；MAD
樣品電池符合的最小的平均放電時間。
注：宜按規定的方法或標準進行放電檢驗，以證明電池符合其適用的標準。
3.14
(原電池的)標稱電壓 nominal voltage of a primary battery
Un
用以標識某種電池或電化學體系的適當的電壓的近似值。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-03-31。
3.15
開路電壓 open-circuit voltage；OCV
電池停止放電時正負兩極端間的電壓。
3.16
原電池 primary (cell or battery)
按不可以充電設計的電池。
3.17
圓形電池 round (cell or battery)
橫截面為圓形的電池或單體電池。
3.18
(原電池的)放電量 service output (of a primary battery)
電池在規定的放電條件下的放電時間、容量或能量輸出。
3.19
放電量檢驗 service output test
測定電池放電量的檢驗。
注：可在下列情況下按規定做放電量檢驗：
a)應用檢驗過于復雜，難以重復進行；
b)應用檢驗的放電時間不適用于例行檢驗。
3.20
小電池 small battery
能完全放進圖1所示的截去頂端的圓柱體內的電池或單體電池。
單位為毫米
圖1 小電池量規(內壁尺寸)
3.21
貯存壽命 storage life
規定條件下電池的貯存時間；在貯存期結束時，電池保有規定的放電量。
注：改寫IEC 60050-482：2004，定義482-03-47。
3.22
原電池的極端 terminals of a primary battery
用于使原電池與一種或多種導體相連接的導電部件。
3.23
爆炸 explosion (battery explosion)
單體電池或電池受內部瞬間過大壓力影響，導致內部固體噴出且噴射物達到25cm。
4 要求
4.1 通則
4.1.1 設計
設計原電池時，特別要注意電池尺寸的一致性和穩定性、電池的外形和電性能，同時確保電池在正常使用和可預見的誤用條件下的可靠性。
有關電器具設計的信息詳見附錄B。
4.1.2 電池尺寸
各型號電池的尺寸在GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中給出。
4.1.3 極端
4.1.3.1 通則
極端應符合GB/T 8897.2—2021中第6章的規定。
極端的外形應設計成能確保電池在任何時候都能形成并保持良好的電接觸。
極端應由具有適當導電性和抗腐蝕性的材料制成。
4.1.3.2 抗接觸壓力
在GB/T 8897.2—2021電池技術要求中提到的抗接觸壓力是指，通過直徑為1mm的鋼球，施加10N的力持續作用于電池的每個接觸面中央10s，不應出現妨礙電池正常工作的明顯變形。
注：例外情況詳見GB/T 8897.3—2021。
4.1.3.3 帽與底座型極端
此類極端用于按GB/T 8897.2—2021中圖1～圖4、圖6規定尺寸的電池，電池的圓柱面與正、負極端相絕緣。
4.1.3.4 帽與外殼型極端
此類極端用于GB/T 8897.2—2021中圖7和圖8規定尺寸的電池，電池的圓柱面構成電池正極端的一部分。
4.1.3.5 螺旋形極端
此類接觸件由金屬螺桿和金屬螺母組合而成，或由金屬螺桿和絕緣金屬螺母組合而成。
4.1.3.6 平面接觸性極端
此類接觸件為基本扁平的金屬面，用適合的接觸機構壓在其上形成電接觸。
4.1.3.7 平面彈簧或螺旋彈簧型極端
由金屬片或繞制成螺旋狀的金屬線構成，其形狀能形成壓力接觸。
4.1.3.8 插座型極端
由金屬接觸件組件安裝在絕緣的殼體或固定件中構成，與之配套的插頭可插入其中。
4.1.3.9 子母扣型極端
4.1.3.9.1 通則
由作為正極端的無彈性的子扣和作為負極端的有彈性的母扣組成。
該極端應由合適的金屬制成，使其與外電路相應部件連接時能形成良好的點接觸。
4.1.3.9.2 子母扣型極端
這種極端由一個螺栓構成正極，一個插槽構成負極。該極端由鎳金屬板或其他合適的材料制成，使其在與類似的部件搭配形成電流時，能夠提供可靠的物理和電氣連接。
4.1.3.10 導線
導線應是帶絕緣層的單股或多股可彎曲的鍍錫銅導線，正極端導線的外套應為紅色，負極端應為黑色。
4.1.3.11 其他類型的彈簧式接觸件或彈簧夾
當不能準確知道外電路上的相應連接件是何種狀態時，電池通常采用此類接觸件。此類接觸件應由黃銅彈簧片或具有相似性質的其他材料制成。
4.1.4 分類(電化學體系)
原電池按照其電化學體系分類。
除了“鋅-氯化銨、氯化鋅-二氧化錳”體系外，每一個體系用一個字母來表示。
迄今為止已標準化的電化學體系見表1。
表1 已標準化的電化學體系
字母 負極 電解質 正極 標稱電壓Un
V 最大開路電壓
V
無字母 鋅(Zn) 氯化銨，氯化鋅 二氧化錳(MnO2) 1.5 1.73
A 鋅(Zn) 氯化銨，氯化鋅 氧(O2) 1.4 1.55
B 鋰(Li) 有機電解質 一氟化碳聚合物(CF)x 3.0 3.7
C 鋰(Li) 有機電解質 二氧化錳(MnO2) 3.0 3.7
E 鋰(Li) 非水無機物 亞硫酰氯(SOCl2) 3.6 3.9
F 鋰(Li) 有機電解質 二硫化鐵(FeS2) 1.5 1.90
G 鋰(Li) 有機電解質 氧化銅(Ⅱ)(CuO) 1.5 2.3
L 鋅(Zn) 堿金屬氫氧化物 二氧化錳(MnO2) 1.5 1.68
P 鋅(Zn) 堿金屬氫氧化物 氧(O2) 1.4 1.59
S 鋅(Zn) 堿金屬氫氧化物 氧化銀(Ag2O) 1.55 1.63
W 鋰(Li) 有機電解質 二氧化硫(SO2) 3.0 3.05
Y 鋰(Li) 非水無機物 硫酰氯(SO2Cl2) 3.9 4.1
Z 鋅(Zn) 堿金屬氫氧化物 羥基氧化鎳(NiOOH) 1.5 1.78
注1：標稱電壓值是不可檢測的，僅供參考。
注2：最大開路電壓按5.5和6.8.1的規定測量。
注3：當表示一個電化學體系時，一般先列出負極，再列出正極，比如鋰-二硫化鐵。
4.1.5 型號
原電池型號是根據原電池的外形尺寸參數、電化學體系以及必要時再加上修飾符來確定的。
型號體系(命名法)詳見附錄C。
4.1.6 標志
4.1.6.1 通則(見表2)
除小電池(見4.1.6.2)外，每個電池上均應以中文標明以下內容：
a)型號；
b)生產時間(年和月或周)和保質期，或標注的使用期的截止期限，可用代碼表示；
c)正極極端的極性(＋)；
d)標稱電壓；
e)生產商或供應商的名稱和地址；
f)商標；
g)執行標準編號；
h)使用注意事項(警示說明)。
注：標注我國電池型號(即IEC型號)，如要加標其他國家或地區的俗稱，可參見GB/T 8897.2—2021的附錄E。
表2 標志要求
標志 小電池
電池(除小電池外) 其他體系 P體系小電池
a)型號 A A C
b)生產時間(年和月或周)和保質期，或標注的使用期的截止期限，可用代碼表示 A B B
c)正極極端的極性(＋) A A D
d)標稱電壓 A B B
e)生產商或供應商的名稱和地址 A B B
f)商標 A Ba Ba
g)執行標準編號 A Ba Ba
h)使用注意事項(警示說明) A Ba Ba
A：應標在電池上。
B：可標在電池的直接包裝上而不標在電池上。
C：可標在電池、密封條或直接包裝上。
D：可標在電池的密封條上和/或電池上。
a 應有防止誤吞小電池的注意事項。詳見4.1.6.2c)。
4.1.6.2 小電池的標志(見表2)
小電池主要是GB/T 8897.2—2021中的第三類和第四類電池。小電池的標志規定如下：
a)小電池的表面太小，無法標上4.1.6.1的所有內容，對于這類電池，4.1.6.1a)和4.1.6.1c)應標在電池上；4.1.6.1中的其他標志可標在電池的直接包裝(銷售包裝)上而不是電池上；
b)對于P-體系電池，4.1.6.1a)可標在電池、密封條或包裝上；4.1.6.1c)可標在電池的密封條上和/或電池上，4.1.6.1b)、4.1.6.1d)以及4.1.6.1e)可標在電池的直接包裝上而不是電池上；
c)應有防止誤吞小電池的注意事項。
電池應遠離兒童，應將易被吞下的電池放在兒童拿不到的地方，特別是那些能放入圖1所示小電池量規的電池。遠離兒童標識見圖2。
警示
遠離兒童存放。吞咽可導致化學灼傷、軟組織潰瘍和死亡。吞咽后兩小時內可產生嚴重灼傷，應立即尋求醫療幫助。
圖2 電池(尤其是鈕扣鋰電池)防吞咽警告示例
誤吞電池應立即就醫。吞入鈕扣鋰單體電池或鈕扣鋰電池可能導致化學灼傷、軟組織穿孔，或在極端情況下導致死亡。一旦吞咽應立即取出。正確的警告文字見圖2。
對于能完全放入圖1小電池量規示意圖中的小電池，電池上應標明4.1.6.1a)和4.1.6.1c)，而4.1.6.1中其他涉及的標志則可以標在緊貼的包裝上。但對于消費者可自行更換電池的直接銷售中，防吞咽警示也應標注在緊貼的包裝上。
警示圖示參見附錄D，鈕扣電池的包裝和防兒童拆解要求見附錄E，“遠離兒童存放”警示標識的使用參見附錄F。
4.1.6.3 關于廢電池處理方法的標志
廢電池處理方法的標志應符合我國法律法規的要求。
4.1.6.4 電池電壓的可互換性
目前在GB/T 8897系列標準中已經標準化的原電池可按其標準放電電壓Us1)分類。對于一個新的電池體系，按公式(1)確定其電壓的可互換性：
n×0.85Ur≤m×Us≤n×1.15Ur (1)
式中：
n——以參考電壓Ur為依據的串聯單體電池數；
m——以標準放電電壓Us為依據的串聯單體電池數；
Ur——參考電壓。
1)標準放電電壓Us是根據可檢驗性的原理引用的，標稱電壓和最大開路電壓不符合這個要求。
已經確定了符合上述公式的兩個電壓范圍，是通過參考電壓Ur，即相應的電壓范圍的中點電壓來確定的：
a)電壓范圍1，Ur＝1.4V：即標準放電電壓m×Us等于或者介于n×1.19(V)到n×1.61(V)之間的電池；
b)電壓范圍2，Ur＝3.2V：即標準放電電壓m×Us等于或者介于n×2.72(V)到n×3.68(V)之間的電池。
標準放電電壓的定義、相應的值及其確定方法參見附錄G。
注：對于由一個單體電池組成的電池，以及由多個相同電壓范圍的單體電池組成的電池，其m和n是相等的；而對與由多個不同電壓范圍的單體電池組成的電池組，其m和n值則不同于那些已標準化了的電池組。
電壓范圍1包含迄今已標準化、標稱電壓為1.5V左右的電池，即“無字母”體系、“A”“F”“G”“L”“P”“S”和“Z”體系的電池。
電壓范圍2包含迄今已標準化的標稱電壓為3V左右的電池，即“B”“C”“E”“W”和“Y”體系的電池。
因為電壓范圍1和電壓范圍2的電池具有明顯不同的放電電壓，所以他們的外形應設計成不可互換的。在對一個新的電化學體系標準化之前，參考附錄G給出的方法確定其標準放電電壓，以判定它的電壓可互換性。
警示：若不能符合這一要求，會給電池使用者帶來危害，如起火、爆炸、漏液和/或損壞器具。此要求從可靠性角度和使用角度來說都是必要的。
4.2 性能
4.2.1 放電性能
GB/T 8897.2—2021中具體規定了原電池的放電性能。
4.2.2 尺寸穩定性
電池在本部分規定的標準條件下檢驗時，其尺寸應始終符合GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中的相關規定。
注1：B、C、G、L、P和S體系的扣式電池，如果放電低于終止電壓，會出現高度增加0.25mm的情況。
注2：連續放電時，C和B體系的某些扣式電池的高度可能會減小。
4.2.3 泄漏
在本部分規定的標準條件下貯存和放電時，電池不應出現泄漏。
4.2.4 開路電壓極限值
電池的最大開路電壓應不超過表1中給出的值。
4.2.5 放電量
電池初始期和貯存期的放電時間應符合GB/T 8897.2—2021的要求。
4.2.6 可靠性
設計原電池時，應考慮電池在指定使用[電池部分使用(部分放電)后貯存、運輸-沖擊、運輸-振動和氣候-溫度循環]和可預見的誤用條件(不正確安裝、外部短路、過放電和自由跌落)下的可靠性要求。電池在指定使用時應不泄漏、不爆炸和不著火，在可預見的誤用條件時不爆炸和不著火。
注：鋰電池在可預見的誤用條件(外部短路、重物撞擊、擠壓、強制放電、非正常充電、自由跌落、熱濫用、不正確安裝、過放電)下不爆炸和不著火，外部短路、重物撞擊和擠壓時不過熱，外部短路時無破裂，自由跌落時不泄放。
5 性能檢驗
5.1 通則
消費品性能測試標準方法(SMMP)的制定，參見附錄H。
原電池容量可通過附錄G的G.2.3中詳述的放電檢驗得出，然而在消費者使用情況下，通過這種方式得出的結果會有所不同。
以下這些因素/變量對容量釋放的適宜性起著重要影響：
a)外部電路/設備對電流的需求；
b)電流需求的頻率(連續或間斷使用)；
c)設備正常運行的最小電壓(臨界電壓)；
d)運行溫度。
從上述a)～d)中所列的變量來看，低溫狀態下長時間大電流需求加上高臨界電壓將組成最壞的狀況，這會丟失大量的電池容量。
盡管從原電池中通過電氣或化學方式導出的容量無法用來準確計算電池的最大性能，向使用者告知電池性能/壽命仍十分必要。請注意，市場上的設備種類繁多，各自的電氣要求也不同，因此這種指定的“應用檢驗”(定義詳見GB/T 8897.2—2021)無法完全重現實際情況。另外，電池性能也會受到上述a)～d)中的一個或多個因素影響。
5.2 放電檢驗
5.2.1 通則
本部分中的放電檢驗分為兩類：
——應用檢驗；
——放電量檢驗。
兩種檢驗的放電負荷電阻均應符合6.4中的規定。
負荷電阻和檢驗條件按5.2.2中給出的方法確定。
5.2.2 應用檢驗
5.2.2.1 通則
應用檢驗通則如下：
a)由電器具工作時的平均工作電壓和平均電流計算出等效電阻。恒電流或恒功率負荷也可用來展示這類電力需求模式。
b)從所有測得的電器具的數據中得出實用終止電壓和等效電阻值、電流負荷或恒定功率值。
c)規定這一數據的中位數作為放電試驗的電阻值和終止電壓。
d)如果測得的數據集中分成兩組或分散成更多組，則應再做一次以上的試驗。
應用檢驗可能因放電負荷和/或日常周期占空比的影響而加速。負荷和時間間歇的指定值應考慮以下因素：
a)與此應用相關的電池放電效率；
b)此應用的典型的占空比使用模式；
c)檢驗所占時間不超過30d。
在特定情況下，采用恒電流或恒功率的檢驗方法更能代表實際的應用情況，但采用恒電阻的檢驗方法卻可簡化設計并確保檢測設備的可靠性。
在將來，可能出現負荷條件交替變化(或新增)的情況，更好地體現應用范圍；隨著技術的發展，也可能出現某種類型的電器具的負載特性隨時間而變化的情況。
精確測定電器具的實用終止電壓并非總是可能的，所確定的放電條件是所有選擇的一種折中方法，用來代表具有廣泛分散特性的某一類電器具。
盡管有以上局限性，按上述方法確定的應用檢驗的方法仍是評價適用于某類電器具的電池性能的最佳方法。
為了減少應用檢驗的項目數，所規定的這些檢驗應代表市場銷售該型號電池80％的實際用途。
5.2.2.2 多個負載的應用檢驗
除另有規定外，具有多個負載的應用檢驗，在一個檢驗循環里，應按從最重負載到最輕負載的順序檢驗。
5.2.2.3 放電量檢驗
進行放電量檢驗，應選擇阻值適當的負荷電阻，使放電時間大約為30d。
如果在所要求的時間內不能獲得電池的全部容量，則應選擇6.4中阻值更高的負荷電阻，以便延長放電時間，但延長的時間應盡可能短。
5.3 放電性能/最小平均放電時間的符合型檢驗
為了檢驗電池是否符合所有GB/T 8897.2—2021和GB/T 8897.3—2021中指定的放電檢驗，應按如下步驟進行：
a)檢驗8個電池；
b)不排除任何結果計算平均值；
c)如果平均值大于或等于規定值，而且放電時間小于規定值80％的電池數不大于1，則電池的放電量符合要求；
d)如果平均值小于規定值和(或)小于規定值80％的電池數大于1，則另取8個同樣的樣品電池再做檢驗并計算平均值；
e)如果第二次檢測的平均值大于或等于規定值，而且放電時間小于規定值80％的電池數不大于1，則電池的放電量符合要求；
f)如果第二次檢驗的平均值小于規定值和(或)小于規定值80％的電池數大于1，則認為電池的放電量不符合要求，并且不準許再進行檢驗；
g)為了核實是否符合本部分，可在初始期放電檢驗完成后給予有條件的認可。
注：原電池的電性能要求參見GB/T 8897.2—2021中規定。
5.4 最小平均放電時間規定值的計算方法
最小平均放電時間規定值的計算方法參見附錄Ⅰ。
