Comprehensive control of soil and water conservation - Technical specification -Technique for erosion control of waste land
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 16453 specifies the technical requirements for the planning, design, construction and management of measures such as establishment of soil and water conservation forest, artificial grass planting, setting apart hills for tree growing, and closing of slopes for grassing on the waste land with soil erosion and water loss.
This part is applicable to waste land with soil erosion and water loss (water erosion) in China.
2 Normative references
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this part of GB/T 16453, constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, subsequent amendments to (excluding correction to), or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
GB 2772 Rules for forest tree seed testing
GB 6000 Tree seedling quality grading of major species for afforestation
GB 7908 Classification of forest tree seed quality
GB/T 15162 Technical regulation for afforestation by aerial sowing
LY 1000 Technical regulations of containerized seedlings
3 General provisions
3.1 The term "waste land" referred to in this part refers to all the land that can be used but has not yet been used, except for cultivated land, forest land, grassland and other land (villages, roads and waters). The waste land specifically includes barren hills, barren slopes, waste gullies, waste beaches, riverbanks, as well as the land around villages, roads, homes and rivers (referred to as "four around"); it also includes the land that requires human intervention to prevent soil erosion and water loss and obtain ecological and economic benefits, such as fallowed steep slope land, land on fallow rotation, deteriorated forests and sparse forests.
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3.2 In addition to artificial afforestation, there are also artificial grass planting and closure for the control and utilization of the above-mentioned various types of land. Overall planning shall be carried out according to the different site conditions of various types of waste land and the needs of the development of local pillar industries, and the above-mentioned three different control measures shall be adopted respectively.
3.3 The control of waste land by artificial afforestation shall focus on development and utilization at the same time, and shall be able to obtain economic, ecological and social benefits.
3.3.1 Reduce or stop soil erosion and water loss, and improve the ecological environment.
3.3.2 Develop a forest- and fruit-oriented commodity economy, and increase economic income.
3.3.3 Establish industrial and agricultural raw material bases, promote the development of industrialized commodity economy, and build well-off rural areas that coordinate environment and economy.
3.4 In the scope of soil and water conservation, artificial afforestation shall include all kinds of cash forests and orchards built on waste land. For some places where tree-crop intercropping or grain-fruit intercropping is carried out on agricultural land, the technical requirements for afforestation may refer to this part, not otherwise specified.
4 Afforestation planning for soil and water conservation
4.1 Forest species planning
4.1.1 The following forest species shall be distributed according to different uses:
4.1.1.1 Cash forest. Priority is given to fresh and dried fruits with local characteristics and species with market competitiveness.
4.1.1.2 Fuel wood forest. In fuel-deficient areas, the fuel wood forest acreage shall be determined according to the amount of firewood needed per capita per year and the amount of firewood that each hectare of forest may provide.
4.1.1.3 In arid and semi-arid areas with insufficient forage grass in northern China, shrub feeds such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Amorpha fruticosa can be established as supplements in combination with soil and water conservation.
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4.1.1.4 Timber forest. In case of timber forest established by artificial afforestation for soil and water conservation on barren slopes, land preparation engineering for soil and water conservation shall be built to avoid soil erosion and water loss caused by timber logging. The timber forests in arid and rainless soil erosion areas shall be established around roads, villages, homes and rivers, and at the bottom of river beaches and ditches, as well as other places where the water sources are ample and logging will not cause soil erosion and water loss.
4.1.2 The following forest species shall be distributed according to different terrain and positions:
4.1.2.1 Soil and water conservation forest on slope. According to the location, gradient, site conditions and soil erosion and water loss characteristics of barren slopes, shrubbery, arbor forest and cash forest may be distributed on the upper, middle or lower part of the slope respectively.
4.1.2.2 Soil and water conservation forest on gully. The soil and water conservation forests shall be distributed at the head, slope, and bottom of gullies, which shall be closely combined with gully head protection, check dam, and check dam for farmland forming in erosion control measures of gullies.
4.1.2.3 Soil and water conservation forest on bank. It is mainly used to consolidate river banks, reservoir banks and canals to prevent bank collapse and erosion of canal slopes.
4.1.2.4 Soil and water conservation forest on the "four around". In plain and tableland areas, roads and canals are generally combined to form large square fields. Afforestation around roads and rivers shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of farmland shelterbelts. For the purpose of afforestation around villages and homes in mountainous and hilly areas, the tree species shall be allocated in combination with the timber used in agricultural areas and the afforestation construction in villages and towns.
4.2 Forest form planning
4.2.1 Pure stand
4.2.1.1 Pure shrub stand. It is mainly suitable for arid and semi-arid areas and places with serious soil erosion and water loss and poor site conditions.
4.2.1.2 Pure arbor stand. It is mainly suitable for places with good site conditions, where the biological characteristics of the tree species require a pure stand.
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4.2.2 Mixed stand
4.2.2.1 The mixed tree species include coniferous tree species with broadleaved tree species, arbors with shrubs, arbors with shrubs and herbs, and deep-rooted tree species with shallow-rooted tree species.
4.2.2.2 Pattern of mixture
a) Mixed by single trees. It is suitable for barren land by planting shrubs with strong water and soil conservation, soil improvement and covering ability between arbors, or by planting one arbor sparsely among every 5~10 shrubs.
b) Mixed by rows. It is generally suitable for arbors and shrubs as well as shade tree species and sun tree species.
Foreword I
Introduction III
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 General provisions
4 Afforestation planning for soil and water conservation
5 Afforestation design for soil and water conservation
6 Afforestation construction for soil and water conservation
7 Afforestation management for soil and water conservation
8 Grass planting planning for soil and water conservation
9 Grass planting design for soil and water conservation
10 Grass planting construction for soil and water conservation
11 Grass planting management for soil and water conservation
12 Organizational measures for closure
13 Technical measures for setting apart hills for tree growing
14 Technical measures for closing of slopes for grassing
Annex A (Informative) Main tree species and shrubs for soil and water conservation in different climatic zones
Annex B (Informative) Initial planting density of main tree species and shrubs for soil and water conservation
Annex C (Informative) Main grass species for soil and water conservation in different ecological environments
Annex D (Informative) Cross-inoculated rhizobia for common leguminous forages
Annex E (Informative) Coating formula (ks) of rhizobia inoculation coating for leguminous forage seeds
