標準編號:	GB/T 28817-2022
中文名稱:	聚合物電解質燃料電池單電池測試方法
英文名稱:	Single cell test methods for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC)
中標分類:	K82    化學電源
行業分類:	GB    國家標準
ICS分類:	27.070 27.070    燃料電池 27.070
發布機構:	國家市場監督管理總局 國家標準化管理委員會
發布日期:	2022-03-09
實施日期:	2022-10-1
標準狀態:	valid
替代舊標準:	GB/T 28817-2012 聚合物電解質燃料電池單電池測試方法
翻譯語言:	英文
文件格式:	PDF
中文字符數:	60000 字
翻譯價格(元):	3950.0
交付時間:	付款后 1 個工作日

Single cell test methods for polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) 1 Scope This document covers cell assemblies, test station setup, measuring instruments and measuring methods, performance test methods, and test reports for PEFC single cells. Note: The PEFC specified in this document is gaseous hydrogen. This document is used for evaluating: a) the performance of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for PEFCs in a single cell configuration; b) materials or structures of PEFCs in a single cell configuration; or, c) the influence of impurities in fuel and in air on the fuel cell performance. Note: This document is only applicable to proton exchange membrane fuel cells, and the test contents may be used as reference to other PEFCs. 2 Normative reference The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute indispensable provisions of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TS 14687-2 Hydrogen fuel — Product specification — Part 2: Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 anode electrode (3.8) at which the oxidation of fuel (3.11) takes place 3.2 catalyst substance that accelerates (increases the rate of) a reaction without being consumed itself Note: The catalyst lowers the activation energy of the reaction, allowing for an increase in the reaction rate. 3.3 catalyst-coated membrane CCM membrane whose surfaces are coated with a catalyst layer (3.4) to form the reaction zone of the electrode (3.8) Note: See also membrane electrode assembly (MEA) (3.19). 3.4 catalyst layer porous region adjacent to either side of the membrane containing the catalyst (3.2), typically with ionic and electronic conductivity Note: The catalyst layer comprises the spatial region where the electrochemical reactions may take place. 3.5 cathode electrode (3.8) at which oxidant (3.22) reduction takes place 3.6 clamping plate pressure plate frame used to compress the cell components together to maintain electrical conductivity and sealing 3.7 current collector conductive material in a fuel cell (3.12) that collects electrons from the anode (3.1) side or conducts electrons to the cathode (3.5) side 3.8 electrode electronic conductor (or semi-conductor) through which an electric current enters or leaves the electrochemical cell as the result of an electrochemical reaction Note: An electrode may be either an anode (3.1) or a cathode (3.5). [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.33] 3.9 electrolyte liquid or solid substance containing mobile ions that render it ionically conductive Note: The electrolyte is the main distinctive feature of the different fuel cell technologies (e.g. a liquid, polymer, molten salt, solid oxide) and determines the usable operating temperature range. [Source: IEC 60050-482: 2004, 482-02-29, modified — the note has been modified] 3.10 flow plate conductive plate made of metal, a material such as graphite, or a conductive polymer that may be a carbon-filled composite, which is incorporated with flow channels for fuel (3.11) or an oxidant (3.22) gas feed and has an electrical contact with an electrode (3.8) 3.11 fuel hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gas that reacts at the anode (3.1) 3.12 fuel cell electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (3.11) and an oxidant (3.22) to electrical energy (DC power), heat and reaction products Note : The fuel and oxidant are typically stored outside of the fuel cell and transferred into the fuel cell as they are consumed. [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.43] 3.13 gas diffusion electrode GDE component on the anode (3.1) or cathode (3.5) side comprising all electronic conductive elements of the electrode (3.8), i.e. gas diffusion layer (3.14) and catalyst layer (3.4) 3.14 gas diffusion layer GDL porous substrate placed between the catalyst layer (3.4) and the flow plate (3.10) to serve as electric contact and allow the access of reactants to the catalyst layer and the removal of reaction products Note: The gas diffusion layer is also called a porous transport layer (PTL). [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.57, modified — "flow plate" replaces "bipolar plate" and note modified.] 3.15 gasket sealing component which prevents the reactant gas from leaking out of a cell 3.16 internal resistance ohmic resistance inside a fuel cell (3.12), measured between current collectors (3.7), caused by the electronic and ionic resistances of the different components (electrodes (3.8), electrolyte (3.9), flow plates (3.10) and current collectors) Note : The term ohmic refers to the fact that the relation between voltage drop and current is linear and obeys Ohm’s Law. [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.66, modified — "flow plates" replaces "bipolar plates"] 3.17 limiting current density maximum current density that can be attained by the cell under a given set of test conditions where the cell voltage sharply decreases to near zero 3.18 maximum current density highest current density allowed for a short time as specified by the manufacturer 3.19 membrane electrode assembly MEA component of a fuel cell (3.12), usually PEFC (3.24), consisting of an electrolyte membrane with gas diffusion electrodes (3.13) on either side, or consisting of CCM (3.3) and gas diffusion layer Note: Membrane electrode assembly is abbreviated as membrane electrode. 3.20 minimum cell voltage lowest permitted cell voltage specified by the manufacturer 3.21 open circuit voltage OCV voltage across the terminals of a fuel cell (3.12) with fuel (3.11) and an oxidant (3.22) present and in the absence of external current flow Note : The open circuit voltage is expressed in V. Note : Also known as "no-load voltage". [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.117.2] 3.22 oxidant oxygen or oxygen-containing gas (e.g. air) that reacts at the cathode (3.5) 3.23 polymer electrolyte polymer material containing mobile ions that render it ionically conductive 3.24 polymer electrolyte fuel cell PEFC fuel cell (3.12) that employs a polymer with ionic exchange capability as the electrolyte (3.9) Note: The polymer electrolyte fuel cell is also called a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid polymer fuel cell (SPFC). [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.43.7] 3.25 power energy per unit time, calculated from the voltage multiplied by the current 3.26 power density measure calculated by dividing the power by the geometric electrode area Note: Power density is expressed in W/cm2. 3.27 rated current density maximum current density specified by the manufacturer of the MEA (3.19) or single cell (3.29) for continuous operation 3.28 rated voltage minimum cell voltage specified by the manufacturer of the MEA (3.19) or single cell (3.29) for continuous operation 3.29 single cell cell typically consisting of an anode flow plate (3.10), MEA (3.19), cathode flow plate (3.10) and sealing gaskets (3.15) Note: See Annex B for additional information. 3.30 single cell test test of the fuel cell (3.12) performance based on a single cell (3.29) [Source: GB/T 28816-2020, 3.112.5] 3.31 stoichiometry molar ratio of the fuel (3.11) or oxidant (3.22) gas flow rate supplied to the cell to that required by the chemical reaction, as calculated from the current Note: This is the inverse value of fuel (or oxidant) utilization as defined in GB/T 28816-2020. 4 General requirements for safety An operating fuel cell uses oxidizing and reducing gases. Typically, these gases are stored in high-pressure containers. The fuel cell itself may or may not be operated at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure. Those who carry out single cell testing shall be trained and experienced in the operation of single cell test systems and specifically in safety procedures involving electrical equipment and reactive, compressed gases. Safely operating a single cell test station requires appropriate technical training and experience as well as safe facilities and equipment, all of which are outside the scope of this document. 5 Cell components 5.1 General The following components are typically used: a) an MEA, b) gaskets, c) an anode-side flow plate and a cathode-side flow plate, d) an anode-side current collector and a cathode-side current collector, e) an anode-side clamping plate and a cathode-side clamping plate, f) electrically insulating sheets, g) clamping or axial load hardware which may include bolts, washers, springs, etc., and, h) temperature control devices. 5.2 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) The electrode area shall be as large as needed to measure desired parameters. A suggested electrode size should be approximately 25 cm2, though cells having larger electrodes may give more relevant data for practical applications. The active electrode area shall be recorded. The approximate uncertainty in the area measurement shall also be recorded. Note: For a larger active area, heterogeneities in parameters such as temperature, flow rate, and/or compression can become significant.

Foreword i 1 Scope 2 Normative reference 3 Terms and definitions 4 General requirements for safety 5 Cell components 5.1 General 5.2 Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 5.3 Gasket 5.4 Flow plate 5.5 Current collector 5.6 Clamping plate (or pressure plate) 5.7 Clamping hardware 5.8 Temperature-control device 6 Cell assembly 6.1 Assembly procedure 6.2 Cell orientation and gas connections 6.3 Leak check 7 Test station setup 7.1 Minimum equipment requirement 7.2 Schematic diagram 7.3 Maximum variation in test station controls (inputs to test) 8 Measurements 8.1 Instrument uncertainty 8.2 Measuring instruments and measuring methods 8.3 Measurement units 9 Gas composition 9.1 Fuel composition 9.2 Oxidant composition 10 Test preparation 10.1 Standard test conditions 10.2 Ambient conditions 10.3 Data sampling rate 10.4 Repeatability and reproducibility 10.5 Number of test samples 10.6 Leak check of gas circuit with inert or test gas 10.7 Initial conditioning and stable state check 10.8 Shutdown 10.9 Reconditioning 11 Basic performance test methods 11.1 General 11.2 Polarization curve tests 11.3 Steady-state test 11.4 Long-term operation test 11.5 Voltammetry 11.6 Internal resistance (IR) measurement 11.7 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 12 Applied performance test methods 13 Test report 13.1 General 13.2 Report items 13.3 Test data description 13.4 Description of measurement conditions 13.5 Test cell parameter description Annex A (Informative) Flow plate Annex B (Informative) Cell component alignment Annex C (Informative) Air tightness test Annex D (Informative) Initial conditioning Annex E (Informative) Shutdown Annex F (Informative) Reconditioning protocols Annex G (Informative) Polarization curve test supplement Annex H (Normative) Applied performance tests Annex I (Informative) Test report for polarization curve tests Annex J (Informative) Polarization curves in helox Annex K (Informative) Test report for subzero start test Annex L (Informative) Start/stop cycling test supplement Annex M (Informative) Load cycling supplement

聚合物電解質燃料電池單電池測試方法 1 范圍 本文件規定了聚合物電解質燃料電池單電池的組裝、試驗裝置、測量儀器和測量方法、性能試驗方法以及試驗報告。 注：本文件中規定的聚合物電解質燃料電池單電池燃料為氣態氫。 本文件適用于以下三項的評估： a) 聚合物電解質燃料電池膜電極組件的性能； b) 聚合物電解質燃料電池其他組件的材料或結構； c) 燃料和空氣中雜質對電池性能的影響。 注：本文件僅適用于質子交換膜燃料電池，其他聚合物電解質燃料電池可參考本文件的測試內容。 2 規范性引用文件 下列文件中的內容通過文中的規范性引用而構成本文件必不可少的條款。其中，注日期的引用文件，僅該日期對應的版本適用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。 ISO/TS 14687-2 氫燃料 產品規范 第2部分：道路車輛用質子交換膜(PEM)燃料電池的應用[Hydrogen fuel—Product specification—Part 2：Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell applications for road vehicles] 3 術語和定義 下列術語和定義適用于本文件。 3.1 陽極 anode 燃料(3.11)發生氧化反應的電極(3.8)。 3.2 催化劑 catalyst 能加速(增加速率)反應而自身不被消耗的物質。 注：催化劑降低反應的活化能，使得反應速率增加。 3.3 催化劑涂層膜 catalyst-coated membrane；CCM [在聚合物電解質燃料電池(3.24)中]表面涂有催化層(3.4)，構成電極(3.8)的反應區域的膜。 注：另見膜電極組件(MEA)(3.19)。 3.4 催化層 catalyst layer 與膜的兩側相鄰的含有催化劑(3.2)的多孔區域，通常具有離子和電子傳導性。 注：催化層包括可能發生電化學反應的空間區域。 3.5 陰極 cathode 氧化劑(3.22)發生還原反應的電極(3.8)。 3.6 夾持端板 clamping plate 端板 pressure plate 用于將電池各部分壓緊在一起，以保持導電性和密封性。 3.7 電流集流體 current collector 燃料電池(3.12)中從陽極(3.1)端收集電子或向陰極(3.5)端傳遞電子的導電部件。 3.8 電極 electrode 用于將電化學反應產生的電流導入或導出電化學電池的電子導體(或半導體)。 注：電極可以是陽極(3.1)或陰極(3.5)。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.33] 3.9 電解質 electrolyte 含有移動離子因而具有離子導電性的液態或固態物質。 注：電解質是不同燃料電池技術(如某種液體、聚合物、熔融鹽、同體氧化物)的主要區分特征，它決定了有效操作溫度范圍。 [來源：IEC 60050-482：2004，482-02-29，有修改——修改注釋] 3.10 流場板 flow plate 由金屬、石墨材料或者導電聚合物(可能是碳填充的復合材料)構成的導電平板，它的表面有流道供燃料(3.11)或者氧化劑(3.22)氣體供給，并與電極(3.8)有直接的電接觸。 3.11 燃料 fuel 氫氣或者含有氫氣的氣體，在陽極(3.1)發生反應。 3.12 燃料電池 fuel cell 將燃料(3.11)和氧化劑(3.22)的化學能轉換為電能(直流電)，并產生熱和反應產物的電化學裝置。 注：燃料和氧化劑通常儲存在燃料電池外，當它們被消耗時輸入到燃料電池中。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.43] 3.13 氣體擴散電極 gas diffusion electrode；GDE 位于陽極(3.1)或陰極(3.5)側，包含電極(3.8)的全部電子導電部分[氣體擴散層(3.14)和催化層(3.4)]的部件。 3.14 氣體擴散層 gas diffusion layer；GDL 放置在催化層(3.4)和流場板(3.10)之間形成電接觸的多孔基層，該層允許反應物進入催化層和反應產物的排出。 注：氣體擴散層也稱為多孔傳輸層(PTL)。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.57，有修改——“流場板”取代“雙極板”，刪除部分注釋] 3.15 密封件 gasket 阻止反應氣體泄漏的密封部件。 3.16 內電阻 internal resistance 燃料電池(3.12)內部的歐姆電阻，在電流集流體(3.7)之間測量，由不同組件[電極(3.8)、電解質(3.9)、流場板(3.10)和電流集流體]的電子和離子電阻引起。 注：歐姆意指電壓降和電流之間的關系服從歐姆定律。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.66，有修改——“流場板”取代“雙極板”] 3.17 極限電流密度 limiting current density 在給定的測試條件下，電池的電壓急劇下降至接近零時的最大電流密度。 3.18 最大許可電流密度 maximum current density 制造商規定的允許短時間運行的最高電流密度。 3.19 膜電極組件 membrane electrode assembly；MEA 聚合物電解質燃料電池(3.24)類燃料電池(3.12)的組成部分，由電解質膜和分別置于兩側的氣體擴散電極(3.1 3)組成的組件，或者由催化劑涂層膜(3.3)和氣體擴散層組成的組件。 注：膜電極組件簡稱膜電極。 3.20 最低電池電壓 minimum cell voltage 制造商規定的可運行最低電池電壓。 3.21 開路電壓 open circuit voltage；OCV 燃料電池(3.12)有燃料(3.11)和氧化劑(3.22)但沒有外部電流流動時的端電壓。 注1：開路電壓單位為伏(V)。 注2：也稱為空載電壓。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.117.2] 3.22 氧化劑 oxidant 氧氣或者含有氧氣的氣體(如空氣)，在陰極(3.5)發生反應。 3.23 聚合物電解質 polymer electrolyte (含有可移動離子)具有離子導電性的聚合物材料。 3.24 聚合物電解質燃料電池 polymer electrolyte fuel cell；PEFC 使用具有離子交換能力的聚合物作為電解質(3.9)的燃料電池(3.12)。 注：聚合物電解質燃料電池也被稱為質子交換膜燃料電池(PEMFC)和固體聚合物燃料電池(SPFC)。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.43.7] 3.25 功率 power 單位時間內輸出的電能。 3.26 功率密度 power density 功率除以電極的幾何面積得到的單位面積的功率。 注：功率密度單位為瓦每平方厘米(W/cm2)。 3.27 額定電流密度 rated current density 由制造商規定的膜電極組件(3.19)或單電池(3.29)持續工作時的最大電流密度。 3.28 額定電壓 rated voltage 由制造商規定的膜電極組件(3.19)或單電池(3.29)持續工作時的最小電池電壓。 3.29 單電池 single cell 由一個陽極流場板(3.10)、一個膜電極組件(3.19)、一個陰極流場板(3.10)和密封件(3.15)組成的電池。 注：見附錄B附件信息。 3.30 單電池試驗 single cell test 基于一個單電池(3.29)的燃料電池(3.12)性能的試驗。 [來源：GB/T 28816—2020，3.112.5] 3.31 化學計量比 stoichiometry 供應給燃料電池的燃料(3.11)或氧化劑(3.22)氣體流量與根據電流計算的化學反應需要量的比率。 注：化學計量比是GB/T 28816—2020中規定的燃料(或氧化劑)利用率的反比值。 4 通用安全要求 通常情況下，運行中的燃料電池使用氧化性和還原性氣體，這些氣體儲存在高壓容器中。燃料電池自身可以在加壓或常壓下運行。 進行單電池試驗的人員應進行操作培訓，并有操作單電池試驗系統的經驗，并應熟知安全操作規程(包括電器設備操作、化學反應、壓縮氣體)。安全操作一臺單電池測試平臺需要適當的技術培訓、經驗以及安全設施和設備，上述內容不在本文件的范圍內。 5 電池組成 5.1 概述 通常包含以下組件： a) 一片膜電極組件； b) 密封件； c) 一塊陽極側的流場板和一塊陰極側的流場板； d) 一塊陽極側的電流集流體和一塊陰極側的電流集流體； e) 一塊陽極側的夾持端板和一塊陰極側的夾持端板； f) 電絕緣薄片； g) 緊固件，可能包括螺栓、彈簧和墊圈等； h) 溫度控制裝置。 5.2 膜電極組件(MEA) 電極面積應足夠大以滿足參數測量要求。雖然采用電極面積較大的燃料電池可能會得到與實際應用更相關的數據，但仍建議電極面積在25 cm2左右。電極的活性面積應當說明。在電極面積測量方面的近似不確定度也應說明。 注：較大的活性面積下的溫度、流量及/或壓力等參數中的異質性能夠變得非常顯著。 5.3 密封件 密封件材料應當與電池反應氣體、各組件和反應產物以及運行溫度相匹配，應能阻止氣體的泄漏。 5.4 流場板 流場板應由幾乎無氣體滲透性、高導電性的材料制成。宜使用樹脂浸漬、高密度合成石墨、聚合物/碳復合材料或者耐腐蝕的金屬材料，如鈦或不銹鋼。如果使用金屬材料，其表面應有涂層或鍍層(如涂/鍍金層)以減少接觸電阻。流場板應當抗腐蝕，有合適的密封。 建議使用蛇形流場，設計建議的詳細信息見附錄A。流場的結構應在試驗報告中給出。 用于試驗的流場板應進行電池運行溫度的精確測量。例如，流場板的一個側面的邊緣可能會有一個用于安置溫度傳感器的孔，此時孔的深度應能達到流場板的中心。 如果試驗的目的是評價某種特定的流道布局，則不必使用建議的流場板布局。 5.5 電流集流體 電流集流體應由具有高電導率的材料(如金屬)制成。金屬電流集流體可以在表面涂覆/鍍上降低接觸電阻的材料，如金或銀；但要注意選擇涂層材料，該涂層材料應與電池的組件、反應氣體和產物相容。 電流集流體應有足夠的厚度以減小電壓降，同時應有用于導線連接的輸出端。 如果金屬流場板同時是電流集流體，則不再需要單獨的電流集流體。 5.6 夾持端板(端板) 夾持端板(端板)應為平板且表面光滑，應具有足夠的機械強度以承受螺栓緊固時產生的彎曲壓力。 如果夾持端板具有導電性，應將其與電流集流體隔絕以防止發生短路。 5.7 緊固件 緊固件應具有高的機械強度，以承受電池組裝和運行時產生的壓力。可以使用墊片和彈簧保持作用在單電池上的壓力恒定均勻。應使用經過校準的扭力扳手或其他測量儀器確定電池上的精確壓力。 每次試驗前后都要對夾緊壓力進行測試和記錄。單電池變形量不宜大于10％。如可能，夾緊壓力(量值、分布)應連續控制。 注：變形量為單電池在幾何方向上的尺寸變化。 建議使用電絕緣的緊固件。 5.8 溫控裝置 為了使單電池保持恒溫且沿流場板和通過電池方向溫度分布均勻，應提供溫控裝置(加熱或冷卻)。溫控裝置的設計可遵循一定的溫度曲線圖。溫控裝置應能防止過熱。 可以有多種方式來達到以上要求。 一種簡單的方式是對流冷卻和電加熱夾持端板(端板)。而這種加熱可以通過在極板外表面連接一個表面電阻加熱器來達到。另外一種替代方式是在極板上打孔，插入一個筒形加熱器。 在上述情況下，應注意保持電絕緣。 6 電池組裝 6.1 裝配程序 電池組裝程序對電池數據的可重復性有很大的影響。下列組裝操作中的一些特定過程應以文件記錄下來。 a) CCM放置定位，包括陽極側和陰極側確認。 b) 氣體擴散層放置定位，包括陽極和陰極用氣體擴散層確認，也包括氣體擴散層面向質子交換膜和流場確認。 c) 密封件/密封的安裝。 d) 固定裝置或裝配夾具的定位(如有)。