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GB/T 17888 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery consists of the following four parts:
——Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access;
——Part 2: Working platforms and walkways;
——Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails;
——Part 4: Fixed ladders.
This is Part 2 of GB/T 17888.
This part is developed in accordance with the rules given in GB/T 1.1-2009.
This part replaces GB/T 17888.2-2008 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 2: Working platforms and walkways, with respect to which, the technical changes in Annex B have been made.
This part is a translation identical to ISO 14122-2: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 2: Working platforms and walkways.
The Chinese document consistent and corresponding with the normative international document in this part is as follows:
——GB/T 8196-2018, Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards (ISO 14120: 2015, IDT)
——GB/T 15706-2012, Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction (ISO 12100: 2010, IDT)
——GB/T 18717.1-2002, Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery (ISO 15534-1: 2000, NEQ)
——GB/T 18717.3-2002, Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 3: Anthropometric data (ISO 15534-3: 2000, NEQ)
——GB/T 17888.1-2020, Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access (ISO 14122-1: 2016, IDT)
——GB/T 17888.3-2020, Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails (ISO 14122-3: 2016, IDT)
——GB/T 23821-2009, Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs (ISO 13857: 2008, IDT)
Editorial changes have been made in this part as follows:
——The symbol h of head-height is modified to e;
——The logical relationship of specific requirements in 4.2.4.5.2 when the gap is greater than 20mm is adjusted;
——The symbol h of the height in Figure 3 is modified to a.
This part was proposed by and is under the jurisdiction of SAC/TC 208 National Technical Committee on Mechanical Safety of Standardization Administration of China.
The previous editions of this part are as follows:
——GB17888.2-1999 and GB/T 17888.2-2008.
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Introduction
The architecture of safety standards in mechanical field is as follows:
——Class A standards (basic safety standards), specifying the basic concepts, design principles and general characteristics applicable to all machines;
——Class B standards (general safety standards), involving a kind of safety feature of machinery or a kind of widely used safety device:
? Class B1, standards for safety features (such as safety distance, surface temperature and noise);
? Class B2, standards of safety device (such as two-hand control device, interlocking device, pressure sensitive device, protective device).
——Class C standards (safety standards for mechanical products), specifying detailed safety requirements for a specific machine or a group of machines.
According to GB/T 15706, this part of GB/T 17888 belongs to Class B.
This part is particularly relevant to the following parties concerned with mechanical safety:
——machine manufacturer;
——health and safety agency.
Other parties concerned affected by the mechanical safety level are:
——machine user;
——machine owner;
——service provider;
——consumer (for machinery intended to be used by consumers).
All the above parties concerned may participate in the drafting of this part.
In addition, this part is intended to be used by standardization organizations drafting Class C standards.
The requirements specified in this part may be supplemented or modified by Class C standards.
For machines that are within the scope of Class C standards and have been designed and manufactured according to such standards, the requirements in Class C standards shall be preferred.
The purpose of GB/T 17888 is to define the general requirements for safe access to machines. GB/T 17888.1 gives guidance about the correct choice of access means when the necessary access to the machine is not possible directly from the ground level or from a floor or platform.
The dimensions specified in this part are consistent with the ergonomic data given in ISO 15534-3.
Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—
Part 2: Working platforms and walkways
1 Scope
This part of GB/T 17888 gives requirements for non-powered working platforms and walkways which are a part of a stationary machine, and to the non-powered adjustable parts (e.g. foldable, sliding) and movable parts of those fixed means of access.
Note 1: “Fixed” means of access are those mounted in such a manner (for example, by screws, nuts, welding) that they can only be removed by the use of tools.
This part specifies minimum requirements that also apply when the same means of access is required as the part of the building or civil construction (e.g. working platforms, walkways) where the machine is installed, on condition that the main function of that part of the construction is to provide a means of access to the machine.
Note 2: Where no local regulation or standards exist, this part can be used for means of access which are outside the scope of the standard.
It is intended that this part be used with GB/T 17888.1 to give the requirements for walking platforms and walkways.
The GB/T 17888 series as a whole is applicable to both stationary and mobile machinery where fixed means of access are necessary. It is not applicable to powered means of access such as lifts, escalators, or other devices specially designed to lift persons between two levels.
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2 Normative references
The following documents are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100 Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 13857 Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs
ISO 14120 Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards
ISO 14122-1: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 1: Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access
ISO 14122-3: 2016 Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3: Stairs, stepladders and guard-rails
ISO 15534-1: 2000 Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 1: Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery
ISO 15534-3: 2000 Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part 3: Anthropometric data
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100 and ISO 14122-1 and the following apply.
3.1
flooring
assembly of elements making up the floor of a walkway (3.2) or a working platform (3.3) and being in direct contact with footwear
3.2
walkway
level or inclined surface used for moving from one point to another
3.2.1
maneuverable walkway
level or inclined surface used for moving, installed at the machine permanently, and intended to be shortened, elongated, or altered in its position
Note: This includes foldable, slidable, adjustable and/or hinged to, or slid from an adjacent platform or walkway.
3.3
working platform
horizontal level surface used for the operation, maintenance, inspection, repair, sampling, and other phases of work in connection with the machinery
3.3.1
maneuverable platform
level surface used for operation, installed at the machine permanently, and intended to be shortened, elongated, or altered in its position
Note: This includes foldable, slidable, adjustable and/or hinged to, or slid from an adjacent platform or walkway (3.2).
3.4
slip resistant surface
flooring surface designed for improving the grip of footwear
3.5
baseboard
filler plate between working platform (3.3) and adjacent construction element
3.6
toe-plate
rigid vertical plate on a landing platform or flooring (3.1) to prevent the fall of objects from a floor level
Note: See Figure 2 and ISO 14122-3: 2016, Figure 2.
3.7
access gauge
space to be cleared of any structures, obstacles, and obstruction in order to enable access
3.8
head-height
minimum vertical distance, cleared of all obstacles (such as beams, ducts, etc.) above the pitch line
Note: e in Figure 1.
4 General requirements
4.1 General principles
4.1.1 Construction and materials
Working platforms and walkways shall be designed and constructed and the materials selected so that they withstand the foreseeable conditions of use. In particular, at least the following details shall be taken into account:
a) Walkways and working platforms shall be designed and constructed to prevent the hazards due to falling objects. For guard-rails and toe-plates, see ISO 14122-3: 2016, Clause 7, and for openings in the flooring, see 4.2.4.5.
b) The removal of any part of the machine shall, as far as practicable, be possible without removing guard-rails, pieces of flooring, or other permanent protective barriers.
Foreword i
Introduction iii
1 Scope
2 Normative references
3 Terms and definitions
4 General requirements
5 Information for use for working platforms and walkways
Annex A (Informative) Different methods of determining levels of slip-resistance
Annex B (Informative) Significant technical changes between GB/T 17888.2-2020 and GB/T 17888.2-
Bibliography
機械安全 接近機械的固定設施
第2部分：工作平臺與通道
1 范圍
GB/T 17888的本部分規(guī)定了作為固定式機器組成部分的無動力工作平臺與通道的要求，以及這類固定式接近設施上的無動力可調(diào)(如可折疊、可滑動)部件和活動部件的要求。
注1：“固定式”接近設施是指完成安裝(如通過螺釘、螺母、焊接)后，只有使用工具才能移除的接近設施。
本部分規(guī)定的最低要求也適用于安裝機器的建筑物上的同類接近設施(如工作平臺、通道)，前提是此類設施的主要功能是供接近機器使用。
注2：如果沒有其他標準，本部分也適用于本部分范圍之外的接近設施。
本部分與GB/T 17888.1中針對工作平臺與通道規(guī)定的要求一起使用。
GB/T 17888適用于配有固定式接近設施的固定式機械和移動式機械，不適用于帶動力的接近設施，如電梯、自動扶梯或其他專門設計用于在兩級平面之間提升人員的裝置。
2 規(guī)范性引用文件
下列文件對于本文件的應用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件，僅注日期的版本適用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改單)適用于本文件。
ISO 12100 機械安全 設計通則 風險評估與風險減小(Safety of machinery—General principles for design—Risk assessment and risk reduction)
ISO 13857 機械安全 防止上下肢觸及危險區(qū)的安全距離(Safety of machinery—Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs)
ISO 14120 機械安全 防護裝置 固定式和活動式防護裝置的設計與制造一般要求(Safety of machinery—Guards—General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards)
ISO 14122-1：2016 機械安全 接近機械的固定設施 第1部分：固定設施的選擇及接近的一般要求(Safetyofmachinery—Permanentmeansofaccesstomachinery—Part1：Choice of fixed means and general requirements of access)
ISO 14122-3：2016 機械安全 接近機械的固定設施 第3部分：樓梯、階梯和護欄(Safety of machinery—Permanent means of access to machinery—Part 3：Stairs，stepladders and guard-rails)
ISO 15534-1：2000 用于機械安全的人類工效學設計 第1部分：全身進入機械的開口尺寸確定
原則(Ergonomicdesignforthesafetyofmachinery—Part1：Principles for determining the dimensions required for openings for whole-body access into machinery)
ISO 15534-3：2000 用于機械安全的人類工效學設計 第3部分：人體測量數(shù)據(jù)(Ergonomic design for the safety of machinery—Part3：Anthropometric data)
3 術語和定義
ISO 12100、ISO 14122-1界定的以及下列術語和定義適用于本文件。
3.1
地板 flooring
通道(3.2)或工作平臺(3.3)直接與鞋接觸的各構件的組合。
3.2
通道 walkway
用于從一個位置通向另一個位置的水平或傾斜表面。
3.2.1
可調(diào)節(jié)通道 maneuverable walkway
永久安裝在機器上的可伸縮或位置可變的水平或傾斜表面，用于從一個位置通向另一個位置。
注：包括折疊式、滑動式、調(diào)節(jié)式通道和/或鄰近平臺或通道上鉸接的或外滑的通道。
3.3
工作平臺 working platform
為進行操作、維修、檢查、修理、取樣和與機械有關的其他工作所用的水平表面。
3.3.1
可調(diào)節(jié)平臺 maneuverable platform
為進行操作而永久安裝在機器上的可伸縮或位置可改變的水平表面。
注：包括折疊式、滑動式、調(diào)節(jié)式和/或鄰近平臺或通道(3.2)上鉸接的或外滑的平臺。
3.4
防滑表面 slip resistant surface
為增加鞋類抓地力而設計的地板表面。
3.5
填縫板 baseboard
工作平臺(3.3)與鄰近構件之間的填充板。
3.6
踢腳板 toe-plate
防止物體從平臺或地板(3.1)上掉落的剛性立板。
注：見圖2和ISO 14122-3：2016，圖2。
3.7
通行空間 access gauge
供通行使用且沒有任何障礙物的空間。
3.8
凈空高度 head-height
坡度線到上方障礙物(如橫梁、走線槽等)的最小豎直距離。
注：圖1中的e。
4 一般要求
4.1 通則
4.1.1 結構與材料
工作平臺與通道的設計、建造及其材料的選擇應使其能耐受預期使用條件，尤其應滿足以下要求：
a) 工作平臺與通道的設計與建造應防止墜落物產(chǎn)生的危險。護欄和踢腳板見ISO 14122-3：2016的第7章，地板上的開口見4.2.4.5。
b) 拆除機器任何部件時應盡可能無需移除護欄、地板構件或其他永久性保護屏障。
4.1.2 操作者的安全接近
工作平臺與通道的設計、建造及其材料的選擇應使其能安全使用，尤其應滿足以下要求：
a) 工作平臺與通道的設計和建造應使其行走表面具有持久的防滑特性；
b) 操作者需要在上面行走或站立的機器部件，其設計和安裝應能防止人員從其上墜落(見ISO 14122-3)；
c) 工作平臺及其入口的設計應使操作者在發(fā)生危險時能快速離開其作業(yè)區(qū)，或者在必要時能快速獲得幫助并容易撤離；
d) 扶手及其他支撐的設計、建造和布局應使操作者可憑直覺使用。
4.2 具體要求
4.2.1 位置
只要有可能，工作平臺與通道的位置應能防止人員暴露于有害材料或有害物質(zhì)，或者通過保護防止暴露于有害材料或有害物質(zhì)。工作平臺與通道的位置還應遠離因粉塵等物質(zhì)積聚而可能引起滑倒的位置。
如果存在運動件、無防護的極端溫度表面、未加防護的帶電設備等，則應針對機器或固定式接近設施采取措施進行防護，如符合ISO 14120的防護裝置，或者滿足ISO 13857的安全距離。
只要有可能，工作平臺的設計和位置應使工作高度符合人類工效學原則，且不會增加墜落風險。該高度應位于工作平臺表面上方500mm~1700mm。
4.2.2 尺寸
預定用于操作和維護的通道和工作平臺，其凈長和凈寬應由以下因素決定：
a) 任務要求，如位置、運動的特性和速度、施力等；
b) 是否攜帶工具、備件等；
c) 任務和使用的頻次及持續(xù)時間；
d) 同時在通道或工作平臺上的操作者數(shù)量及使用的設備數(shù)量；
e) 操作者相遇的可能性；
f) 是否攜帶附加裝備，或者穿戴防護服、個體防護裝備；
g) 是否存在障礙物；
h) 通道末端是否封閉；
i) 墻壁是否可能損壞操作者的衣服或在其上留下印記；
j) 是否要求工作空間不受限制，以及是否留出使用可預見工具所需的空間。
根據(jù)ISO 15534-1和ISO 15534-3給出的值，除非有特殊情況，工作平臺與通道上方的最小凈空高度e 應為2100mm(見圖1)。如果空間受限，圖1中給出的尺寸可確保頭部周圍有足夠的凈距。
如果在凈空高度處有障礙物(如管道)橫跨通道，則最小凈空高度e 可減小至不低于1900mm。此時，應提供防護墊和警告標志等措施。
通道的凈寬w 應大于或等于800mm(見圖1)。
當通道經(jīng)常有人通過或有多人同時交叉通過時，則凈寬w 應至少增加至1000mm。
由于機器的設計限制、環(huán)境限制或僅是偶爾使用，如每年使用時間少于30d或每天使用時間少于2h，凈寬w 可從800mm 減小至600mm(見圖1)。
作為例外情況，對于長度小于2000mm 的通道，凈寬w 可從600mm 減小至500mm(見圖1)。
如果地板上方可獲得的空間受到管道、電力設備或機器結構等因素的限制，則在地板上方200mm范圍內(nèi)，通道寬度最窄可減小至500mm(見圖1)。
在凈空高度e 處或地板上沿著通道安裝的管道、電纜橋架等障礙物，凈寬w 應仍然不小于500mm(見圖1)。
用作逃生通道時，通道的寬度宜滿足相關法規(guī)的要求。
單位為毫米
說明：
——通行空間的限制；
1——永久性障礙物，如護欄、墻、機器、天花板；
2——通道/平臺；
3——扶手與障礙物之間的最小間距；
4——橫跨的障礙物；
w——凈寬；
e——凈空高度。
注：本圖省略了橫跨通道的管道等障礙物。
圖1 通道的通行空間
如果方向相同且存在高度差的水平通道不能通過樓梯或坡道銜接，則在滿足以下條件的情況下，允許采用一級踏板：
——該踏板應清晰可見(如通過顏色、異型護欄)；
——高度應在150mm~300mm。
如果在墻上或天花板下面的障礙物不可避免的限制了所需的寬度或高度，為盡可能減小傷害，應采取防護措施，以使表面光滑無突起。此外，還應采取配備防護墊等安全措施來防止傷害。還宜考慮警告標識。
4.2.3 設施或設備
如果存在從500mm 或更高的通道或工作平臺墜落的風險，應提供滿ISO 14122-3的護欄。
如果存在下陷或鄰近結構垮塌的風險，也應提供護欄，如靠近裝滿顆粒物的料斗的接近設施，或者通向安裝在玻璃或其他不能承受人體重量的材料制成的屋頂上的抽風機的接近設施。必要時，應提供無需在工作平臺滾動或無需將重物置于工作平臺上來搬運重物的合適設施。
4.2.4 地板
4.2.4.1 結構造成的限制
當有管道或其他構件橫跨工作平臺或通道時，如果沒有可替代的路線，則允許有開口。這種情況下，寬度應按照4.2.2和4.2.4.5.2設計。
4.2.4.2 液體滯留和/或積聚產(chǎn)生的危險
地板的設計應使灑在上面的任何液體都能流走。如果因衛(wèi)生等原因而不可能滿足此要求，則應防止液體引起的滑倒和其他危險。
4.2.4.3 物質(zhì)積聚產(chǎn)生的危險
地板的設計應使得污物、雪、冰，或者其他物質(zhì)不能積聚。因此，推薦優(yōu)先選用可滲透地板，如格柵板或冷成形篩板。
如果不可能滿足上述要求，并且不能采用可滲透地板，則應提供清除積聚物的設施。
4.2.4.4 絆倒危險
為避免絆倒危險，相鄰地板上表面之間的最大高度差應不超過4mm，并且相鄰地板之間的間隙不應超過20mm。
4.2.4.5 墜落物產(chǎn)生的危險
4.2.4.5.1 格柵地板
工作平臺或通道格柵地板的設計取決于風險評估的結果，通常應滿足以下要求：
——工作平臺或通道的地板的最大開口應不能通過直徑35mm 的球。
——作業(yè)區(qū)上方的地板(非臨時通道)，其最大開口應不能通過直徑20mm 的球。開口的最大長度應為100mm，否則應采取其他合適的措施保證同等的安全水平。
——只有存在生產(chǎn)物料溢出或通過其他措施不能防止生產(chǎn)物料溢出時，才宜加大開口(見4.2.4.2)。
如果風險評估的結果認為，穿過地板落下的物體或其他材料所產(chǎn)生的危險比滑倒、墜落等危險更為嚴重，則不應采用漏空地板。
4.2.4.5.2 工作平臺、通道及相鄰構件之間的間隙
如果地板上由于需要穿過管道或其他構件等原因產(chǎn)生的間隙，或者工作平臺或通道與相鄰構件邊緣之間的間隙大于20mm，應安裝高度至少為100mm 的踢腳板(3.6)或者安裝填縫板(3.5)將間隙減小到20mm 以下(見圖2)，且滿足以下要求：
a) 如果間隙大于20mm 且小于或等于120mm，應安裝高度至少為100mm 的踢腳板；或者由于存在障礙物(見圖2)而使得沒有足夠的空間安裝全尺寸的踢腳板時，則踢腳板的高度可局部減小至最低50mm(見圖2)。
b) 如果間隙大于120mm 且小于或等于180mm，則應安裝踢腳板和扶手(見ISO 14122-3)或起同等作用且高度為900mm~1100mm 的構件。
c) 如果間隙大于180mm，則全身可能進入(見ISO 13857)，此時，工作平臺或通道應安裝滿足ISO 14122-3：2016中第7章的護欄，以防止進入到間隙。
